在你的应用程序中添加回调并检查根活动，如下所示:

@Override
public void onCreate() {
    super.onCreate();
    registerActivityLifecycleCallbacks(new ActivityLifecycleCallbacks() {
        @Override
        public void onActivityStopped(Activity activity) {
        }

        @Override
        public void onActivityStarted(Activity activity) {
        }

        @Override
        public void onActivitySaveInstanceState(Activity activity, Bundle outState) {
        }

        @Override
        public void onActivityResumed(Activity activity) {
        }

        @Override
        public void onActivityPaused(Activity activity) {
        }

        @Override
        public void onActivityDestroyed(Activity activity) {
        }

        @Override
        public void onActivityCreated(Activity activity, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
            if (activity.isTaskRoot() && !(activity instanceof YourSplashScreenActivity)) {
                Log.e(YourApp.TAG, "Reload defaults on restoring from background.");
                loadDefaults();
            }
        }
    });
}

我的解决方案受到@d60402的答案的启发，也依赖于一个时间窗口，但不使用定时器:

public abstract class BaseActivity extends ActionBarActivity {

  protected boolean wasInBackground = false;

  @Override
  protected void onStart() {
    super.onStart();
    wasInBackground = getApp().isInBackground;
    getApp().isInBackground = false;
    getApp().lastForegroundTransition = System.currentTimeMillis();
  }

  @Override
  protected void onStop() {
    super.onStop();
    if( 1500 < System.currentTimeMillis() - getApp().lastForegroundTransition )
      getApp().isInBackground = true;
  }

  protected SingletonApplication getApp(){
    return (SingletonApplication)getApplication();
  }
}

其中SingletonApplication是Application类的扩展:

public class SingletonApplication extends Application {
  public boolean isInBackground = false;
  public long lastForegroundTransition = 0;
}

2021年11月更新

实际设置如下

class App : Application() {
    override fun onCreate() {
        super.onCreate()
        ProcessLifecycleOwner.get().lifecycle.addObserver(AppLifecycleListener())
    }
}

class AppLifecycleListener : DefaultLifecycleObserver {

    override fun onStart(owner: LifecycleOwner) { // app moved to foreground
    }

    override fun onStop(owner: LifecycleOwner) { // app moved to background
    }
}

依赖关系

implementation "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-process:$lifecycle_version"
implementation "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-common:$lifecycle_version"

原来的答案

ProcessLifecycleOwner似乎也是一个很有前途的解决方案。

ProcessLifecycleOwner将分派ON_START, ON_RESUME事件，当第一个活动通过这些事件时。ON_PAUSE, ON_STOP，事件将在最后一个活动通过它们后延迟分派。这个延迟足够长，可以保证ProcessLifecycleOwner在由于配置更改而销毁和重新创建活动时不会发送任何事件。

实现可以简单到

class AppLifecycleListener : LifecycleObserver {

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_START)
    fun onMoveToForeground() { // app moved to foreground
    }

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_STOP)
    fun onMoveToBackground() { // app moved to background
    }
}

// register observer
ProcessLifecycleOwner.get().lifecycle.addObserver(AppLifecycleListener())

根据源代码，当前延迟值为700ms。

使用此特性还需要依赖项:

implementation "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-extensions:$lifecycleVersion"

lifecycle包提供了类和接口，让您可以构建生命周期感知的组件

您的应用程序应该实现LifecycleObserver接口:

public class MyApplication extends Application implements LifecycleObserver {

    @Override
    public void onCreate() {
        super.onCreate();
        ProcessLifecycleOwner.get().getLifecycle().addObserver(this);
    }

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_STOP)
    private void onAppBackgrounded() {
        Log.d("MyApp", "App in background");
    }

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_START)
    private void onAppForegrounded() {
        Log.d("MyApp", "App in foreground");
    }
}

为此，您需要将此依赖项添加到构建中。gradle文件:

dependencies {
    implementation "android.arch.lifecycle:extensions:1.1.1"
}

正如谷歌所建议的，你应该最小化在activity的生命周期方法中执行的代码:

一种常见的模式是实现依赖的操作 活动和片段的生命周期方法中的组件。 然而，这种模式会导致代码组织不佳，并且导致 错误的扩散。通过使用生命周期感知组件，您 是否可以将依赖组件的代码移出生命周期方法 以及组件本身。

你可以在这里阅读更多: https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/architecture/lifecycle

这似乎是Android中最复杂的问题之一，因为(在撰写本文时)Android没有iOS中等效的applicationDidEnterBackground()或applicationwillenter前台()回调。我使用了一个由@jenzz组合的AppState库。

[AppState]是一个基于RxJava的简单的响应式Android库，用于监控应用程序状态的变化。每当应用程序进入后台并返回前台时，它都会通知订阅者。

事实证明，这正是我所需要的，特别是因为我的应用程序有多个活动，所以简单地检查onStart()或onStop()对一个活动不会削减它。

首先，我将这些依赖项添加到gradle:

dependencies {
    compile 'com.jenzz.appstate:appstate:3.0.1'
    compile 'com.jenzz.appstate:adapter-rxjava2:3.0.1'
}

然后，将这些行添加到代码中适当的位置就很简单了:

//Note that this uses RxJava 2.x adapter. Check the referenced github site for other ways of using observable
Observable<AppState> appState = RxAppStateMonitor.monitor(myApplication);
//where myApplication is a subclass of android.app.Application
appState.subscribe(new Consumer<AppState>() {
    @Override
    public void accept(@io.reactivex.annotations.NonNull AppState appState) throws Exception {
        switch (appState) {
            case FOREGROUND:
                Log.i("info","App entered foreground");
                break;
            case BACKGROUND:
                Log.i("info","App entered background");
                break;
        }
    }
});

根据你订阅可观察对象的方式，你可能不得不取消订阅以避免内存泄漏。更多信息再次在github页面。

您可以在ActivityLifecycleCallbacks和ComponentCallbacks2的帮助下轻松实现这一点。

创建一个实现上述接口的类AppLifeCycleHandler。

package com.sample.app;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.app.Application;
import android.content.ComponentCallbacks2;
import android.content.res.Configuration;
import android.os.Bundle;

/**
 * Created by Naveen on 17/04/18
 */
public class AppLifeCycleHandler
    implements Application.ActivityLifecycleCallbacks, ComponentCallbacks2 {

  AppLifeCycleCallback appLifeCycleCallback;

  boolean appInForeground;

  public AppLifeCycleHandler(AppLifeCycleCallback appLifeCycleCallback) {
    this.appLifeCycleCallback = appLifeCycleCallback;
  }

  @Override
  public void onActivityResumed(Activity activity) {
    if (!appInForeground) {
      appInForeground = true;
      appLifeCycleCallback.onAppForeground();
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void onTrimMemory(int i) {
    if (i == ComponentCallbacks2.TRIM_MEMORY_UI_HIDDEN) {
      appInForeground = false;
      appLifeCycleCallback.onAppBackground();
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void onActivityCreated(Activity activity, Bundle bundle) {

  }

  @Override
  public void onActivityStarted(Activity activity) {

  }

  @Override
  public void onActivityPaused(Activity activity) {

  }

  @Override
  public void onActivityStopped(Activity activity) {

  }

  @Override
  public void onActivitySaveInstanceState(Activity activity, Bundle bundle) {

  }

  @Override
  public void onActivityDestroyed(Activity activity) {

  }

  @Override
  public void onConfigurationChanged(Configuration configuration) {

  }

  @Override
  public void onLowMemory() {

  }

  interface AppLifeCycleCallback {

    void onAppBackground();

    void onAppForeground();
  }
}

在你的类中，当应用程序在前台和后台之间切换时，应用程序实现AppLifeCycleCallback来获得回调。如下图所示。

public class BaseApplication extends Application implements AppLifeCycleHandler.AppLifeCycleCallback{

    @Override
    public void onCreate() {
        super.onCreate();
        AppLifeCycleHandler appLifeCycleHandler = new AppLifeCycleHandler(this);
        registerActivityLifecycleCallbacks(appLifeCycleHandler);
        registerComponentCallbacks(appLifeCycleHandler);
    }

    @Override
    public void onAppBackground() {
        Log.d("LifecycleEvent", "onAppBackground");
    }

    @Override
    public void onAppForeground() {
        Log.d("LifecycleEvent", "onAppForeground");
    }
}

希望这能有所帮助。

编辑 作为替代方案，您现在可以使用生命周期感知的体系结构组件。