在标准c++20中，这包含在<bit>中。 答案很简单

#include <bit>
unsigned long upper_power_of_two(unsigned long v)
{
    return std::bit_ceil(v);
}

注意: 我给出的解决方案是针对c++，而不是c，我会给出这个问题的答案，但它是这个问题的副本!

import sys


def is_power2(x):
    return x > 0 and ((x & (x - 1)) == 0)


def find_nearest_power2(x):
    if x <= 0:
        raise ValueError("invalid input")
    if is_power2(x):
        return x
    else:
        bits = get_bits(x)
        upper = 1 << (bits)
        lower = 1 << (bits - 1)
        mid = (upper + lower) // 2
        if (x - mid) > 0:
            return upper
        else:
            return lower


def get_bits(x):
    """return number of bits in binary representation"""
    if x < 0:
        raise ValueError("invalid input: input should be positive integer")
    count = 0
    while (x != 0):
        try:
            x = x >> 1
        except TypeError as error:
            print(error, "input should be of type integer")
            sys.exit(1)
        count += 1
    return count

对于任何unsigned类型，构建在Bit Twiddling Hacks上:

#include <climits>
#include <type_traits>

template <typename UnsignedType>
UnsignedType round_up_to_power_of_2(UnsignedType v) {
  static_assert(std::is_unsigned<UnsignedType>::value, "Only works for unsigned types");
  v--;
  for (size_t i = 1; i < sizeof(v) * CHAR_BIT; i *= 2) //Prefer size_t "Warning comparison between signed and unsigned integer"
  {
    v |= v >> i;
  }
  return ++v;
}

这里并没有真正的循环，因为编译器在编译时知道迭代的次数。

你可能会发现以下的澄清有助于达到你的目的:

/*
** http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#IntegerLog
*/
#define __LOG2A(s) ((s &0xffffffff00000000) ? (32 +__LOG2B(s >>32)): (__LOG2B(s)))
#define __LOG2B(s) ((s &0xffff0000)         ? (16 +__LOG2C(s >>16)): (__LOG2C(s)))
#define __LOG2C(s) ((s &0xff00)             ? (8  +__LOG2D(s >>8)) : (__LOG2D(s)))
#define __LOG2D(s) ((s &0xf0)               ? (4  +__LOG2E(s >>4)) : (__LOG2E(s)))
#define __LOG2E(s) ((s &0xc)                ? (2  +__LOG2F(s >>2)) : (__LOG2F(s)))
#define __LOG2F(s) ((s &0x2)                ? (1)                  : (0))

#define LOG2_UINT64 __LOG2A
#define LOG2_UINT32 __LOG2B
#define LOG2_UINT16 __LOG2C
#define LOG2_UINT8  __LOG2D

static inline uint64_t
next_power_of_2(uint64_t i)
{
#if defined(__GNUC__)
    return 1UL <<(1 +(63 -__builtin_clzl(i -1)));
#else
    i =i -1;
    i =LOG2_UINT64(i);
    return 1UL <<(1 +i);
#endif
}

如果你不想冒险进入未定义行为的领域，输入值必须在1到2^63之间。宏在编译时设置常量也很有用。

from math import ceil, log2
pot_ceil = lambda N: 0x1 << ceil(log2(N))

测试:

for i in range(10):
    print(i, pot_ceil(i))

输出:

1 1
2 2
3 4
4 4
5 8
6 8
7 8
8 8
9 16
10 16