当原始文件被移动时，硬链接非常有用。例如，将文件从/bin移动到/usr/bin或/usr/local/bin。到/bin中文件的任何符号链接都将被破坏，但是硬链接(直接到文件的inode的链接)不会关心。

硬链接可能占用更少的磁盘空间，因为它们只占用一个目录条目，而符号链接需要自己的inode来存储它所指向的名称。

Hard links also take less time to resolve - symlinks can point to other symlinks that are in symlinked directories. And some of these could be on NFS or other high-latency file systems, and so could result in network traffic to resolve. Hard links, being always on the same file system, are always resolved in a single look-up, and never involve network latency (if it's a hardlink on an NFS filesystem, the NFS server would do the resolution, and it would be invisible to the client system). Sometimes this is important. Not for me, but I can imagine high-performance systems where this might be important.

I also think things like mmap(2) and even open(2) use the same functionality as hardlinks to keep a file's inode active so that even if the file gets unlink(2)ed, the inode remains to allow the process continued access, and only once the process closes it does the file really go away. This allows for much safer temporary files (if you can get the open and unlink to happen atomically, which there may be a POSIX API for that I'm not remembering, then you really have a safe temporary file) where you can read/write your data without anyone being able to access it. Well, that was true before /proc gave everyone the ability to look at your file descriptors, but that's another story.

说到这里，恢复一个在进程a中打开，但在文件系统中未链接的文件需要使用硬链接来重新创建inode链接，这样当打开该文件的进程关闭或离开时，该文件不会消失。

通过一个简单的例子可以看出硬链接和符号链接之间的区别。指向文件的硬链接将指向存储文件的位置，或者指向该文件的inode。符号链接将指向实际文件本身。

因此，如果我们有一个名为“a”的文件，并创建一个硬链接“b”和一个符号链接“c”，它们都指向文件“a”:

echo "111" > a
ln a b
ln -s a c

“a”，“b”和“c”的输出将是:

cat a --> 111
cat b --> 111
cat c --> 111

现在让我们删除文件“a”，看看“a”，“b”和“c”的输出会发生什么:

rm a
cat a --> No such file or directory
cat b --> 111
cat c --> No such file or directory

到底发生了什么?

因为文件“c”指向文件“a”本身，如果文件“a”被删除，那么文件“c”将没有什么可指向的，实际上它也被删除了。

但是，文件“b”指向文件“a”的存储位置或inode。因此，如果文件“a”被删除，那么它将不再指向inode，但由于文件“b”被删除，inode将继续存储属于“a”的任何内容，直到不再有硬链接指向它。

当原始文件被移动时，硬链接非常有用。例如，将文件从/bin移动到/usr/bin或/usr/local/bin。到/bin中文件的任何符号链接都将被破坏，但是硬链接(直接到文件的inode的链接)不会关心。

硬链接可能占用更少的磁盘空间，因为它们只占用一个目录条目，而符号链接需要自己的inode来存储它所指向的名称。

Hard links also take less time to resolve - symlinks can point to other symlinks that are in symlinked directories. And some of these could be on NFS or other high-latency file systems, and so could result in network traffic to resolve. Hard links, being always on the same file system, are always resolved in a single look-up, and never involve network latency (if it's a hardlink on an NFS filesystem, the NFS server would do the resolution, and it would be invisible to the client system). Sometimes this is important. Not for me, but I can imagine high-performance systems where this might be important.

I also think things like mmap(2) and even open(2) use the same functionality as hardlinks to keep a file's inode active so that even if the file gets unlink(2)ed, the inode remains to allow the process continued access, and only once the process closes it does the file really go away. This allows for much safer temporary files (if you can get the open and unlink to happen atomically, which there may be a POSIX API for that I'm not remembering, then you really have a safe temporary file) where you can read/write your data without anyone being able to access it. Well, that was true before /proc gave everyone the ability to look at your file descriptors, but that's another story.

说到这里，恢复一个在进程a中打开，但在文件系统中未链接的文件需要使用硬链接来重新创建inode链接，这样当打开该文件的进程关闭或离开时，该文件不会消失。

符号链接为文件提供了另一个名称，在某种程度上类似于硬链接。但是，即使文件中仍然存在符号链接，也可以删除文件。

我刚刚发现了一个简单的方法来理解硬链接在一个常见的场景，软件安装。

有一天，我下载了一个软件到下载文件夹进行安装。在我做sudo make install后，一些可执行文件被cped到本地bin文件夹。这里，cp创建硬链接。我对这个软件很满意，但很快就意识到，从长远来看，下载并不是一个好地方。所以我把软件文件夹移动到源目录。好吧，我仍然可以像以前一样运行软件而不用担心任何目标链接的事情，就像在Windows中一样。这意味着硬链接可以直接找到inode和其他文件。

在这个答案中，当我说文件时，我指的是内存中的位置

所有保存的数据都使用称为inode的数据结构存储在内存中，每个inode都有一个inodennumber。inode号用于访问inode。到文件的所有硬链接可能有不同的名称，但共享相同的inode号。因为所有的硬链接都有相同的inodennumber(访问相同的inode)，所以它们都指向相同的物理内存。

符号链接是一种特殊的文件。因为它也是一个文件，它将有一个文件名和一个inode号。如上所述，inode号访问指向数据的inode。现在，符号链接的特殊之处在于，符号链接中的inodennumbers访问那些指向另一个文件的“路径”的inode。更具体地说，符号链接中的inode号访问指向另一个硬链接的inode。

当我们在GUI中移动、复制、删除文件时，我们使用的是文件的硬链接，而不是物理内存。当我们删除一个文件时，我们正在删除该文件的硬链接。我们并没有清除物理内存。如果文件的所有硬链接都被删除，那么将无法访问存储的数据，尽管它可能仍然存在于内存中