当原始文件被移动时，硬链接非常有用。例如，将文件从/bin移动到/usr/bin或/usr/local/bin。到/bin中文件的任何符号链接都将被破坏，但是硬链接(直接到文件的inode的链接)不会关心。

硬链接可能占用更少的磁盘空间，因为它们只占用一个目录条目，而符号链接需要自己的inode来存储它所指向的名称。

Hard links also take less time to resolve - symlinks can point to other symlinks that are in symlinked directories. And some of these could be on NFS or other high-latency file systems, and so could result in network traffic to resolve. Hard links, being always on the same file system, are always resolved in a single look-up, and never involve network latency (if it's a hardlink on an NFS filesystem, the NFS server would do the resolution, and it would be invisible to the client system). Sometimes this is important. Not for me, but I can imagine high-performance systems where this might be important.

I also think things like mmap(2) and even open(2) use the same functionality as hardlinks to keep a file's inode active so that even if the file gets unlink(2)ed, the inode remains to allow the process continued access, and only once the process closes it does the file really go away. This allows for much safer temporary files (if you can get the open and unlink to happen atomically, which there may be a POSIX API for that I'm not remembering, then you really have a safe temporary file) where you can read/write your data without anyone being able to access it. Well, that was true before /proc gave everyone the ability to look at your file descriptors, but that's another story.

说到这里，恢复一个在进程a中打开，但在文件系统中未链接的文件需要使用硬链接来重新创建inode链接，这样当打开该文件的进程关闭或离开时，该文件不会消失。

在进行增量备份时，硬链接非常有用。例如，请参阅rsnapshot。这个想法是使用硬链接进行复制:

拷贝备份号n到n + 1 拷贝备份n - 1到n .．. 拷贝备份0到备份1 用任何更改过的文件更新备份0。

除了您所做的任何更改之外，新的备份不会占用任何额外的空间，因为所有增量备份都将指向未更改的文件的同一组inode。

俗话说，一幅画胜过千言万语。以下是我对它的想象:

下面是我们如何得到这张照片的:

Create a name myfile.txt in the file system that points to a new inode (which contains the metadata for the file and points to the blocks of data that contain its contents, i.e. the text "Hello, World!": $ echo 'Hello, World!' > myfile.txt Create a hard link my-hard-link to the file myfile.txt, which means "create a file that should point to the same inode that myfile.txt points to": $ ln myfile.txt my-hard-link Create a soft link my-soft-link to the file myfile.txt, which means "create a file that should point to the file myfile.txt": $ ln -s myfile.txt my-soft-link

看看如果myfile.txt被删除(或移动)会发生什么:my-hard-link仍然指向相同的内容，因此不受影响，而my-soft-link现在什么都不指向。其他答案讨论了每种方法的利与弊。

硬链接是Unix，它在Unix和Linux中都是旧的，但符号链接在Linux中是新的。

硬链接inode与原始文件inode相同。但是symbolik链接索引节点不同于原始文件索引节点。

硬链接文件的字节大小与原始文件的字节大小相同。但是符号链接文件的字节大小不像原始文件的字节大小。符号链接文件大小小于原始文件大小。

硬链接是原始文件的镜像副本。符号链接或软链接就像窗口中的快捷方式。

如果您删除原始文件，硬链接将保留其文件，您可以看到硬链接文件的内容。在符号链接中，如果删除原始文件，其符号链接将断开，符号链接仍然保留，但不能显示符号链接内容。

符号链接是新的，它有很多特点，但硬链接是旧的，这就是为什么它有较少的特点。

让我们用终端做一些硬的和象征性的链接: Echo“为什么这么严重”> file.txt

硬链接: Ln file.txt file_hard

symbolick链接: Ln -s file.txt file_sym

让我们看看inode的内容: ls李津

当原始文件被移动时，硬链接非常有用。例如，将文件从/bin移动到/usr/bin或/usr/local/bin。到/bin中文件的任何符号链接都将被破坏，但是硬链接(直接到文件的inode的链接)不会关心。

硬链接可能占用更少的磁盘空间，因为它们只占用一个目录条目，而符号链接需要自己的inode来存储它所指向的名称。

Hard links also take less time to resolve - symlinks can point to other symlinks that are in symlinked directories. And some of these could be on NFS or other high-latency file systems, and so could result in network traffic to resolve. Hard links, being always on the same file system, are always resolved in a single look-up, and never involve network latency (if it's a hardlink on an NFS filesystem, the NFS server would do the resolution, and it would be invisible to the client system). Sometimes this is important. Not for me, but I can imagine high-performance systems where this might be important.

I also think things like mmap(2) and even open(2) use the same functionality as hardlinks to keep a file's inode active so that even if the file gets unlink(2)ed, the inode remains to allow the process continued access, and only once the process closes it does the file really go away. This allows for much safer temporary files (if you can get the open and unlink to happen atomically, which there may be a POSIX API for that I'm not remembering, then you really have a safe temporary file) where you can read/write your data without anyone being able to access it. Well, that was true before /proc gave everyone the ability to look at your file descriptors, but that's another story.

说到这里，恢复一个在进程a中打开，但在文件系统中未链接的文件需要使用硬链接来重新创建inode链接，这样当打开该文件的进程关闭或离开时，该文件不会消失。

从MSDN,

符号链接

A symbolic link is a file-system object that points to another file system object. The object being pointed to is called the target. Symbolic links are transparent to users; the links appear as normal files or directories, and can be acted upon by the user or application in exactly the same manner. Symbolic links are designed to aid in migration and application compatibility with UNIX operating systems. Microsoft has implemented its symbolic links to function just like UNIX links. Symbolic links can either be absolute or relative links. Absolute links are links that specify each portion of the path name; relative links are determined relative to where relative–link specifiers are in a specified path

绝对符号链接的一个例子

X: "C:\alpha\beta\absLink\gamma\file"
Link: "absLink" maps to "\\machineB\share"
Modified Path: "\\machineB\share\gamma\file"

一个相对符号链接的例子

X: C:\alpha\beta\link\gamma\file
Link: "link" maps to "..\..\theta"
Modified Path: "C:\alpha\beta\..\..\theta\gamma\file"
Final Path: "C:\theta\gamma\file"

硬链接

硬链接是文件的文件系统表示形式 多个路径引用同一个卷中的单个文件。

要在windows中创建硬链接，请导航到要创建链接的位置并输入以下命令:

mklink /H Link_name target_path

请注意，您可以以任何顺序删除硬链接，而不管它们是按什么顺序创建的。同时，硬链接不能创建时

引用位于不同的本地驱动器中 参考包括网络驱动器。换句话说，其中一个引用是一个网络驱动器 要创建的硬链接与目标在同一路径

结

NTFS支持另一种称为结的链接类型。MSDN对它的定义如下:

连接(也称为软链接)与硬链接的不同之处在于，它引用的存储对象是单独的目录，并且连接可以链接位于同一计算机上不同本地卷上的目录。否则，连接与硬链接的操作相同。

硬链接部分和结节部分的粗体部分显示了两者的基本区别。

命令在窗口中创建一个连接，导航到要创建链接的位置，然后输入:

mklink /J link_name target_path