是否有可能编写一个模板，根据某个成员函数是否定义在类上而改变行为?
下面是我想写的一个简单的例子:
template<class T>
std::string optionalToString(T* obj)
{
if (FUNCTION_EXISTS(T->toString))
return obj->toString();
else
return "toString not defined";
}
因此，如果类T定义了toString()，那么它就使用它;否则，它就不会。我不知道如何做的神奇部分是“FUNCTION_EXISTS”部分。
当前回答
下面是我的版本，它可以任意处理所有可能的成员函数重载，包括模板成员函数，可能带有默认实参。当成员函数调用某个类类型时，它区分了3种互斥的情况，给定的arg类型:(1)有效，或(2)模糊，或(3)不可用。使用示例:
#include <string>
#include <vector>
HAS_MEM(bar)
HAS_MEM_FUN_CALL(bar)
struct test
{
void bar(int);
void bar(double);
void bar(int,double);
template < typename T >
typename std::enable_if< not std::is_integral<T>::value >::type
bar(const T&, int=0){}
template < typename T >
typename std::enable_if< std::is_integral<T>::value >::type
bar(const std::vector<T>&, T*){}
template < typename T >
int bar(const std::string&, int){}
};
现在你可以这样使用它:
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{
static_assert( has_mem_bar<test>::value , "");
static_assert( has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(char const*,long)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(std::string&,long)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(std::vector<int>, int*)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_no_viable_mem_fun_call_bar<test(std::vector<double>, double*)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(int)>::value , "");
static_assert( std::is_same<void,result_of_mem_fun_call_bar<test(int)>::type>::value , "");
static_assert( has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(int,double)>::value , "");
static_assert( not has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(int,double,int)>::value , "");
static_assert( not has_ambiguous_mem_fun_call_bar<test(double)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_ambiguous_mem_fun_call_bar<test(unsigned)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_viable_mem_fun_call_bar<test(unsigned)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_viable_mem_fun_call_bar<test(int)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_no_viable_mem_fun_call_bar<test(void)>::value , "");
return 0;
}
下面是用c++11编写的代码，但是，你可以很容易地将它移植到具有typeof扩展的非c++11(例如gcc)。你可以用你自己的宏替换HAS_MEM宏。
#pragma once
#if __cplusplus >= 201103
#include <utility>
#include <type_traits>
#define HAS_MEM(mem) \
\
template < typename T > \
struct has_mem_##mem \
{ \
struct yes {}; \
struct no {}; \
\
struct ambiguate_seed { char mem; }; \
template < typename U > struct ambiguate : U, ambiguate_seed {}; \
\
template < typename U, typename = decltype(&U::mem) > static constexpr no test(int); \
template < typename > static constexpr yes test(...); \
\
static bool constexpr value = std::is_same<decltype(test< ambiguate<T> >(0)),yes>::value ; \
typedef std::integral_constant<bool,value> type; \
};
#define HAS_MEM_FUN_CALL(memfun) \
\
template < typename Signature > \
struct has_valid_mem_fun_call_##memfun; \
\
template < typename T, typename... Args > \
struct has_valid_mem_fun_call_##memfun< T(Args...) > \
{ \
struct yes {}; \
struct no {}; \
\
template < typename U, bool = has_mem_##memfun<U>::value > \
struct impl \
{ \
template < typename V, typename = decltype(std::declval<V>().memfun(std::declval<Args>()...)) > \
struct test_result { using type = yes; }; \
\
template < typename V > static constexpr typename test_result<V>::type test(int); \
template < typename > static constexpr no test(...); \
\
static constexpr bool value = std::is_same<decltype(test<U>(0)),yes>::value; \
using type = std::integral_constant<bool, value>; \
}; \
\
template < typename U > \
struct impl<U,false> : std::false_type {}; \
\
static constexpr bool value = impl<T>::value; \
using type = std::integral_constant<bool, value>; \
}; \
\
template < typename Signature > \
struct has_ambiguous_mem_fun_call_##memfun; \
\
template < typename T, typename... Args > \
struct has_ambiguous_mem_fun_call_##memfun< T(Args...) > \
{ \
struct ambiguate_seed { void memfun(...); }; \
\
template < class U, bool = has_mem_##memfun<U>::value > \
struct ambiguate : U, ambiguate_seed \
{ \
using ambiguate_seed::memfun; \
using U::memfun; \
}; \
\
template < class U > \
struct ambiguate<U,false> : ambiguate_seed {}; \
\
static constexpr bool value = not has_valid_mem_fun_call_##memfun< ambiguate<T>(Args...) >::value; \
using type = std::integral_constant<bool, value>; \
}; \
\
template < typename Signature > \
struct has_viable_mem_fun_call_##memfun; \
\
template < typename T, typename... Args > \
struct has_viable_mem_fun_call_##memfun< T(Args...) > \
{ \
static constexpr bool value = has_valid_mem_fun_call_##memfun<T(Args...)>::value \
or has_ambiguous_mem_fun_call_##memfun<T(Args...)>::value; \
using type = std::integral_constant<bool, value>; \
}; \
\
template < typename Signature > \
struct has_no_viable_mem_fun_call_##memfun; \
\
template < typename T, typename... Args > \
struct has_no_viable_mem_fun_call_##memfun < T(Args...) > \
{ \
static constexpr bool value = not has_viable_mem_fun_call_##memfun<T(Args...)>::value; \
using type = std::integral_constant<bool, value>; \
}; \
\
template < typename Signature > \
struct result_of_mem_fun_call_##memfun; \
\
template < typename T, typename... Args > \
struct result_of_mem_fun_call_##memfun< T(Args...) > \
{ \
using type = decltype(std::declval<T>().memfun(std::declval<Args>()...)); \
};
#endif
其他回答
MSVC有__if_exists和__if_not_exists关键字(Doc)。连同Nicola的typef - sfinae方法，我可以创建一个检查GCC和MSVC，就像OP所寻找的那样。
更新:来源可以在这里找到
我的观点是:在不为每一个都创建冗长的类型特征，或使用实验特性或长代码的情况下，普遍地确定某个东西是否可调用:
template<typename Callable, typename... Args, typename = decltype(declval<Callable>()(declval<Args>()...))>
std::true_type isCallableImpl(Callable, Args...) { return {}; }
std::false_type isCallableImpl(...) { return {}; }
template<typename... Args, typename Callable>
constexpr bool isCallable(Callable callable) {
return decltype(isCallableImpl(callable, declval<Args>()...)){};
}
用法:
constexpr auto TO_STRING_TEST = [](auto in) -> decltype(in.toString()) { return {}; };
constexpr bool TO_STRING_WORKS = isCallable<T>(TO_STRING_TEST);
虽然这个问题是两年前的事了，但我敢补充我的答案。希望它能澄清之前无可争议的优秀解决方案。我采纳了Nicola Bonelli和Johannes Schaub非常有用的答案，并将它们合并到一个解决方案中，恕我之言，这个解决方案更易于阅读，更清晰，不需要扩展类型:
template <class Type>
class TypeHasToString
{
// This type won't compile if the second template parameter isn't of type T,
// so I can put a function pointer type in the first parameter and the function
// itself in the second thus checking that the function has a specific signature.
template <typename T, T> struct TypeCheck;
typedef char Yes;
typedef long No;
// A helper struct to hold the declaration of the function pointer.
// Change it if the function signature changes.
template <typename T> struct ToString
{
typedef void (T::*fptr)();
};
template <typename T> static Yes HasToString(TypeCheck< typename ToString<T>::fptr, &T::toString >*);
template <typename T> static No HasToString(...);
public:
static bool const value = (sizeof(HasToString<Type>(0)) == sizeof(Yes));
};
我用gcc 4.1.2检查了它。 这主要归功于尼古拉·博内利和约翰内斯·绍布，如果我的回答对你有帮助，请给他们投票:)
我修改了https://stackoverflow.com/a/264088/2712152中提供的解决方案，使其更加通用。此外，由于它不使用任何新的c++ 11特性，我们可以将它与旧的编译器一起使用，并且应该也可以与msvc一起使用。但是编译器应该允许C99使用这个，因为它使用可变宏。
下面的宏可用于检查特定类是否具有特定类型定义。
/**
* @class : HAS_TYPEDEF
* @brief : This macro will be used to check if a class has a particular
* typedef or not.
* @param typedef_name : Name of Typedef
* @param name : Name of struct which is going to be run the test for
* the given particular typedef specified in typedef_name
*/
#define HAS_TYPEDEF(typedef_name, name) \
template <typename T> \
struct name { \
typedef char yes[1]; \
typedef char no[2]; \
template <typename U> \
struct type_check; \
template <typename _1> \
static yes& chk(type_check<typename _1::typedef_name>*); \
template <typename> \
static no& chk(...); \
static bool const value = sizeof(chk<T>(0)) == sizeof(yes); \
}
下面的宏可以用来检查一个特定的类是否有一个特定的成员函数，是否有给定数量的参数。
/**
* @class : HAS_MEM_FUNC
* @brief : This macro will be used to check if a class has a particular
* member function implemented in the public section or not.
* @param func : Name of Member Function
* @param name : Name of struct which is going to be run the test for
* the given particular member function name specified in func
* @param return_type: Return type of the member function
* @param ellipsis(...) : Since this is macro should provide test case for every
* possible member function we use variadic macros to cover all possibilities
*/
#define HAS_MEM_FUNC(func, name, return_type, ...) \
template <typename T> \
struct name { \
typedef return_type (T::*Sign)(__VA_ARGS__); \
typedef char yes[1]; \
typedef char no[2]; \
template <typename U, U> \
struct type_check; \
template <typename _1> \
static yes& chk(type_check<Sign, &_1::func>*); \
template <typename> \
static no& chk(...); \
static bool const value = sizeof(chk<T>(0)) == sizeof(yes); \
}
我们可以使用上面的两个宏来检查has_typedef和has_mem_func:
class A {
public:
typedef int check;
void check_function() {}
};
class B {
public:
void hello(int a, double b) {}
void hello() {}
};
HAS_MEM_FUNC(check_function, has_check_function, void, void);
HAS_MEM_FUNC(hello, hello_check, void, int, double);
HAS_MEM_FUNC(hello, hello_void_check, void, void);
HAS_TYPEDEF(check, has_typedef_check);
int main() {
std::cout << "Check Function A:" << has_check_function<A>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "Check Function B:" << has_check_function<B>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "Hello Function A:" << hello_check<A>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "Hello Function B:" << hello_check<B>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "Hello void Function A:" << hello_void_check<A>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "Hello void Function B:" << hello_void_check<B>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "Check Typedef A:" << has_typedef_check<A>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "Check Typedef B:" << has_typedef_check<B>::value << std::endl;
}
这个问题很老了，但是在c++ 11中，我们有了一种新的方法来检查函数是否存在(或者任何非类型成员是否存在)，再次依赖SFINAE:
template<class T>
auto serialize_imp(std::ostream& os, T const& obj, int)
-> decltype(os << obj, void())
{
os << obj;
}
template<class T>
auto serialize_imp(std::ostream& os, T const& obj, long)
-> decltype(obj.stream(os), void())
{
obj.stream(os);
}
template<class T>
auto serialize(std::ostream& os, T const& obj)
-> decltype(serialize_imp(os, obj, 0), void())
{
serialize_imp(os, obj, 0);
}
现在来解释一下。首先，我使用表达式SFINAE从重载解析中排除序列化(_imp)函数，如果decltype中的第一个表达式无效(即函数不存在)。
void()用于使所有这些函数的返回类型为空。
如果os << obj重载都可用，则使用0参数优先选择os << obj重载(字面量0是int类型，因此第一个重载是更好的匹配)。
现在，您可能需要一个trait来检查函数是否存在。幸运的是，这很容易写出来。不过，请注意，您需要为可能需要的每个不同函数名自己编写trait。
#include <type_traits>
template<class>
struct sfinae_true : std::true_type{};
namespace detail{
template<class T, class A0>
static auto test_stream(int)
-> sfinae_true<decltype(std::declval<T>().stream(std::declval<A0>()))>;
template<class, class A0>
static auto test_stream(long) -> std::false_type;
} // detail::
template<class T, class Arg>
struct has_stream : decltype(detail::test_stream<T, Arg>(0)){};
生活的例子。
And on to explanations. First, sfinae_true is a helper type, and it basically amounts to the same as writing decltype(void(std::declval<T>().stream(a0)), std::true_type{}). The advantage is simply that it's shorter. Next, the struct has_stream : decltype(...) inherits from either std::true_type or std::false_type in the end, depending on whether the decltype check in test_stream fails or not. Last, std::declval gives you a "value" of whatever type you pass, without you needing to know how you can construct it. Note that this is only possible inside an unevaluated context, such as decltype, sizeof and others.
注意，decltype不一定是必需的，因为sizeof(以及所有未求值的上下文)得到了增强。只是decltype已经交付了一个类型，因此更简洁。下面是其中一个重载的sizeof版本:
template<class T>
void serialize_imp(std::ostream& os, T const& obj, int,
int(*)[sizeof((os << obj),0)] = 0)
{
os << obj;
}
由于同样的原因，int和long形参仍然存在。数组指针用于提供可以使用sizeof的上下文。
