是否有可能编写一个模板，根据某个成员函数是否定义在类上而改变行为?
下面是我想写的一个简单的例子:
template<class T>
std::string optionalToString(T* obj)
{
if (FUNCTION_EXISTS(T->toString))
return obj->toString();
else
return "toString not defined";
}
因此，如果类T定义了toString()，那么它就使用它;否则，它就不会。我不知道如何做的神奇部分是“FUNCTION_EXISTS”部分。
当前回答
这个问题很老了，但是在c++ 11中，我们有了一种新的方法来检查函数是否存在(或者任何非类型成员是否存在)，再次依赖SFINAE:
template<class T>
auto serialize_imp(std::ostream& os, T const& obj, int)
-> decltype(os << obj, void())
{
os << obj;
}
template<class T>
auto serialize_imp(std::ostream& os, T const& obj, long)
-> decltype(obj.stream(os), void())
{
obj.stream(os);
}
template<class T>
auto serialize(std::ostream& os, T const& obj)
-> decltype(serialize_imp(os, obj, 0), void())
{
serialize_imp(os, obj, 0);
}
现在来解释一下。首先，我使用表达式SFINAE从重载解析中排除序列化(_imp)函数，如果decltype中的第一个表达式无效(即函数不存在)。
void()用于使所有这些函数的返回类型为空。
如果os << obj重载都可用，则使用0参数优先选择os << obj重载(字面量0是int类型，因此第一个重载是更好的匹配)。
现在，您可能需要一个trait来检查函数是否存在。幸运的是，这很容易写出来。不过，请注意，您需要为可能需要的每个不同函数名自己编写trait。
#include <type_traits>
template<class>
struct sfinae_true : std::true_type{};
namespace detail{
template<class T, class A0>
static auto test_stream(int)
-> sfinae_true<decltype(std::declval<T>().stream(std::declval<A0>()))>;
template<class, class A0>
static auto test_stream(long) -> std::false_type;
} // detail::
template<class T, class Arg>
struct has_stream : decltype(detail::test_stream<T, Arg>(0)){};
生活的例子。
And on to explanations. First, sfinae_true is a helper type, and it basically amounts to the same as writing decltype(void(std::declval<T>().stream(a0)), std::true_type{}). The advantage is simply that it's shorter. Next, the struct has_stream : decltype(...) inherits from either std::true_type or std::false_type in the end, depending on whether the decltype check in test_stream fails or not. Last, std::declval gives you a "value" of whatever type you pass, without you needing to know how you can construct it. Note that this is only possible inside an unevaluated context, such as decltype, sizeof and others.
注意，decltype不一定是必需的，因为sizeof(以及所有未求值的上下文)得到了增强。只是decltype已经交付了一个类型，因此更简洁。下面是其中一个重载的sizeof版本:
template<class T>
void serialize_imp(std::ostream& os, T const& obj, int,
int(*)[sizeof((os << obj),0)] = 0)
{
os << obj;
}
由于同样的原因，int和long形参仍然存在。数组指针用于提供可以使用sizeof的上下文。
其他回答
可能不像其他例子那么好，但这是我为c++ 11想出的。这适用于选择重载方法。
template <typename... Args>
struct Pack {};
#define Proxy(T) ((T &)(*(int *)(nullptr)))
template <typename Class, typename ArgPack, typename = nullptr_t>
struct HasFoo
{
enum { value = false };
};
template <typename Class, typename... Args>
struct HasFoo<
Class,
Pack<Args...>,
decltype((void)(Proxy(Class).foo(Proxy(Args)...)), nullptr)>
{
enum { value = true };
};
示例使用
struct Object
{
int foo(int n) { return n; }
#if SOME_CONDITION
int foo(int n, char c) { return n + c; }
#endif
};
template <bool has_foo_int_char>
struct Dispatcher;
template <>
struct Dispatcher<false>
{
template <typename Object>
static int exec(Object &object, int n, char c)
{
return object.foo(n) + c;
}
};
template <>
struct Dispatcher<true>
{
template <typename Object>
static int exec(Object &object, int n, char c)
{
return object.foo(n, c);
}
};
int runExample()
{
using Args = Pack<int, char>;
enum { has_overload = HasFoo<Object, Args>::value };
Object object;
return Dispatcher<has_overload>::exec(object, 100, 'a');
}
c++ 11的一个简单解决方案:
template<class T>
auto optionalToString(T* obj)
-> decltype( obj->toString() )
{
return obj->toString();
}
auto optionalToString(...) -> string
{
return "toString not defined";
}
更新，3年后:(这是未经测试的)。为了检验是否存在，我认为这是可行的:
template<class T>
constexpr auto test_has_toString_method(T* obj)
-> decltype( obj->toString() , std::true_type{} )
{
return obj->toString();
}
constexpr auto test_has_toString_method(...) -> std::false_type
{
return "toString not defined";
}
泛型模板，用于检查类型是否支持某些“特性”:
#include <type_traits>
template <template <typename> class TypeChecker, typename Type>
struct is_supported
{
// these structs are used to recognize which version
// of the two functions was chosen during overload resolution
struct supported {};
struct not_supported {};
// this overload of chk will be ignored by SFINAE principle
// if TypeChecker<Type_> is invalid type
template <typename Type_>
static supported chk(typename std::decay<TypeChecker<Type_>>::type *);
// ellipsis has the lowest conversion rank, so this overload will be
// chosen during overload resolution only if the template overload above is ignored
template <typename Type_>
static not_supported chk(...);
// if the template overload of chk is chosen during
// overload resolution then the feature is supported
// if the ellipses overload is chosen the the feature is not supported
static constexpr bool value = std::is_same<decltype(chk<Type>(nullptr)),supported>::value;
};
检查方法foo是否与signature double兼容的模板(const char*)
// if T doesn't have foo method with the signature that allows to compile the bellow
// expression then instantiating this template is Substitution Failure (SF)
// which Is Not An Error (INAE) if this happens during overload resolution
template <typename T>
using has_foo = decltype(double(std::declval<T>().foo(std::declval<const char*>())));
例子
// types that support has_foo
struct struct1 { double foo(const char*); }; // exact signature match
struct struct2 { int foo(const std::string &str); }; // compatible signature
struct struct3 { float foo(...); }; // compatible ellipsis signature
struct struct4 { template <typename T>
int foo(T t); }; // compatible template signature
// types that do not support has_foo
struct struct5 { void foo(const char*); }; // returns void
struct struct6 { std::string foo(const char*); }; // std::string can't be converted to double
struct struct7 { double foo( int *); }; // const char* can't be converted to int*
struct struct8 { double bar(const char*); }; // there is no foo method
int main()
{
std::cout << std::boolalpha;
std::cout << is_supported<has_foo, int >::value << std::endl; // false
std::cout << is_supported<has_foo, double >::value << std::endl; // false
std::cout << is_supported<has_foo, struct1>::value << std::endl; // true
std::cout << is_supported<has_foo, struct2>::value << std::endl; // true
std::cout << is_supported<has_foo, struct3>::value << std::endl; // true
std::cout << is_supported<has_foo, struct4>::value << std::endl; // true
std::cout << is_supported<has_foo, struct5>::value << std::endl; // false
std::cout << is_supported<has_foo, struct6>::value << std::endl; // false
std::cout << is_supported<has_foo, struct7>::value << std::endl; // false
std::cout << is_supported<has_foo, struct8>::value << std::endl; // false
return 0;
}
http://coliru.stacked-crooked.com/a/83c6a631ed42cea4
下面是我的版本，它可以任意处理所有可能的成员函数重载，包括模板成员函数，可能带有默认实参。当成员函数调用某个类类型时，它区分了3种互斥的情况，给定的arg类型:(1)有效，或(2)模糊，或(3)不可用。使用示例:
#include <string>
#include <vector>
HAS_MEM(bar)
HAS_MEM_FUN_CALL(bar)
struct test
{
void bar(int);
void bar(double);
void bar(int,double);
template < typename T >
typename std::enable_if< not std::is_integral<T>::value >::type
bar(const T&, int=0){}
template < typename T >
typename std::enable_if< std::is_integral<T>::value >::type
bar(const std::vector<T>&, T*){}
template < typename T >
int bar(const std::string&, int){}
};
现在你可以这样使用它:
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{
static_assert( has_mem_bar<test>::value , "");
static_assert( has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(char const*,long)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(std::string&,long)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(std::vector<int>, int*)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_no_viable_mem_fun_call_bar<test(std::vector<double>, double*)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(int)>::value , "");
static_assert( std::is_same<void,result_of_mem_fun_call_bar<test(int)>::type>::value , "");
static_assert( has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(int,double)>::value , "");
static_assert( not has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(int,double,int)>::value , "");
static_assert( not has_ambiguous_mem_fun_call_bar<test(double)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_ambiguous_mem_fun_call_bar<test(unsigned)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_viable_mem_fun_call_bar<test(unsigned)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_viable_mem_fun_call_bar<test(int)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_no_viable_mem_fun_call_bar<test(void)>::value , "");
return 0;
}
下面是用c++11编写的代码，但是，你可以很容易地将它移植到具有typeof扩展的非c++11(例如gcc)。你可以用你自己的宏替换HAS_MEM宏。
#pragma once
#if __cplusplus >= 201103
#include <utility>
#include <type_traits>
#define HAS_MEM(mem) \
\
template < typename T > \
struct has_mem_##mem \
{ \
struct yes {}; \
struct no {}; \
\
struct ambiguate_seed { char mem; }; \
template < typename U > struct ambiguate : U, ambiguate_seed {}; \
\
template < typename U, typename = decltype(&U::mem) > static constexpr no test(int); \
template < typename > static constexpr yes test(...); \
\
static bool constexpr value = std::is_same<decltype(test< ambiguate<T> >(0)),yes>::value ; \
typedef std::integral_constant<bool,value> type; \
};
#define HAS_MEM_FUN_CALL(memfun) \
\
template < typename Signature > \
struct has_valid_mem_fun_call_##memfun; \
\
template < typename T, typename... Args > \
struct has_valid_mem_fun_call_##memfun< T(Args...) > \
{ \
struct yes {}; \
struct no {}; \
\
template < typename U, bool = has_mem_##memfun<U>::value > \
struct impl \
{ \
template < typename V, typename = decltype(std::declval<V>().memfun(std::declval<Args>()...)) > \
struct test_result { using type = yes; }; \
\
template < typename V > static constexpr typename test_result<V>::type test(int); \
template < typename > static constexpr no test(...); \
\
static constexpr bool value = std::is_same<decltype(test<U>(0)),yes>::value; \
using type = std::integral_constant<bool, value>; \
}; \
\
template < typename U > \
struct impl<U,false> : std::false_type {}; \
\
static constexpr bool value = impl<T>::value; \
using type = std::integral_constant<bool, value>; \
}; \
\
template < typename Signature > \
struct has_ambiguous_mem_fun_call_##memfun; \
\
template < typename T, typename... Args > \
struct has_ambiguous_mem_fun_call_##memfun< T(Args...) > \
{ \
struct ambiguate_seed { void memfun(...); }; \
\
template < class U, bool = has_mem_##memfun<U>::value > \
struct ambiguate : U, ambiguate_seed \
{ \
using ambiguate_seed::memfun; \
using U::memfun; \
}; \
\
template < class U > \
struct ambiguate<U,false> : ambiguate_seed {}; \
\
static constexpr bool value = not has_valid_mem_fun_call_##memfun< ambiguate<T>(Args...) >::value; \
using type = std::integral_constant<bool, value>; \
}; \
\
template < typename Signature > \
struct has_viable_mem_fun_call_##memfun; \
\
template < typename T, typename... Args > \
struct has_viable_mem_fun_call_##memfun< T(Args...) > \
{ \
static constexpr bool value = has_valid_mem_fun_call_##memfun<T(Args...)>::value \
or has_ambiguous_mem_fun_call_##memfun<T(Args...)>::value; \
using type = std::integral_constant<bool, value>; \
}; \
\
template < typename Signature > \
struct has_no_viable_mem_fun_call_##memfun; \
\
template < typename T, typename... Args > \
struct has_no_viable_mem_fun_call_##memfun < T(Args...) > \
{ \
static constexpr bool value = not has_viable_mem_fun_call_##memfun<T(Args...)>::value; \
using type = std::integral_constant<bool, value>; \
}; \
\
template < typename Signature > \
struct result_of_mem_fun_call_##memfun; \
\
template < typename T, typename... Args > \
struct result_of_mem_fun_call_##memfun< T(Args...) > \
{ \
using type = decltype(std::declval<T>().memfun(std::declval<Args>()...)); \
};
#endif
我的观点是:在不为每一个都创建冗长的类型特征，或使用实验特性或长代码的情况下，普遍地确定某个东西是否可调用:
template<typename Callable, typename... Args, typename = decltype(declval<Callable>()(declval<Args>()...))>
std::true_type isCallableImpl(Callable, Args...) { return {}; }
std::false_type isCallableImpl(...) { return {}; }
template<typename... Args, typename Callable>
constexpr bool isCallable(Callable callable) {
return decltype(isCallableImpl(callable, declval<Args>()...)){};
}
用法:
constexpr auto TO_STRING_TEST = [](auto in) -> decltype(in.toString()) { return {}; };
constexpr bool TO_STRING_WORKS = isCallable<T>(TO_STRING_TEST);
