是否有可能编写一个模板，根据某个成员函数是否定义在类上而改变行为?
下面是我想写的一个简单的例子:
template<class T>
std::string optionalToString(T* obj)
{
if (FUNCTION_EXISTS(T->toString))
return obj->toString();
else
return "toString not defined";
}
因此，如果类T定义了toString()，那么它就使用它;否则，它就不会。我不知道如何做的神奇部分是“FUNCTION_EXISTS”部分。
当前回答
template<class T>
auto optionalToString(T* obj)
->decltype( obj->toString(), std::string() )
{
return obj->toString();
}
template<class T>
auto optionalToString(T* obj)
->decltype( std::string() )
{
throw "Error!";
}
其他回答
下面是我的版本，它可以任意处理所有可能的成员函数重载，包括模板成员函数，可能带有默认实参。当成员函数调用某个类类型时，它区分了3种互斥的情况，给定的arg类型:(1)有效，或(2)模糊，或(3)不可用。使用示例:
#include <string>
#include <vector>
HAS_MEM(bar)
HAS_MEM_FUN_CALL(bar)
struct test
{
void bar(int);
void bar(double);
void bar(int,double);
template < typename T >
typename std::enable_if< not std::is_integral<T>::value >::type
bar(const T&, int=0){}
template < typename T >
typename std::enable_if< std::is_integral<T>::value >::type
bar(const std::vector<T>&, T*){}
template < typename T >
int bar(const std::string&, int){}
};
现在你可以这样使用它:
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{
static_assert( has_mem_bar<test>::value , "");
static_assert( has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(char const*,long)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(std::string&,long)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(std::vector<int>, int*)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_no_viable_mem_fun_call_bar<test(std::vector<double>, double*)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(int)>::value , "");
static_assert( std::is_same<void,result_of_mem_fun_call_bar<test(int)>::type>::value , "");
static_assert( has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(int,double)>::value , "");
static_assert( not has_valid_mem_fun_call_bar<test(int,double,int)>::value , "");
static_assert( not has_ambiguous_mem_fun_call_bar<test(double)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_ambiguous_mem_fun_call_bar<test(unsigned)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_viable_mem_fun_call_bar<test(unsigned)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_viable_mem_fun_call_bar<test(int)>::value , "");
static_assert( has_no_viable_mem_fun_call_bar<test(void)>::value , "");
return 0;
}
下面是用c++11编写的代码，但是，你可以很容易地将它移植到具有typeof扩展的非c++11(例如gcc)。你可以用你自己的宏替换HAS_MEM宏。
#pragma once
#if __cplusplus >= 201103
#include <utility>
#include <type_traits>
#define HAS_MEM(mem) \
\
template < typename T > \
struct has_mem_##mem \
{ \
struct yes {}; \
struct no {}; \
\
struct ambiguate_seed { char mem; }; \
template < typename U > struct ambiguate : U, ambiguate_seed {}; \
\
template < typename U, typename = decltype(&U::mem) > static constexpr no test(int); \
template < typename > static constexpr yes test(...); \
\
static bool constexpr value = std::is_same<decltype(test< ambiguate<T> >(0)),yes>::value ; \
typedef std::integral_constant<bool,value> type; \
};
#define HAS_MEM_FUN_CALL(memfun) \
\
template < typename Signature > \
struct has_valid_mem_fun_call_##memfun; \
\
template < typename T, typename... Args > \
struct has_valid_mem_fun_call_##memfun< T(Args...) > \
{ \
struct yes {}; \
struct no {}; \
\
template < typename U, bool = has_mem_##memfun<U>::value > \
struct impl \
{ \
template < typename V, typename = decltype(std::declval<V>().memfun(std::declval<Args>()...)) > \
struct test_result { using type = yes; }; \
\
template < typename V > static constexpr typename test_result<V>::type test(int); \
template < typename > static constexpr no test(...); \
\
static constexpr bool value = std::is_same<decltype(test<U>(0)),yes>::value; \
using type = std::integral_constant<bool, value>; \
}; \
\
template < typename U > \
struct impl<U,false> : std::false_type {}; \
\
static constexpr bool value = impl<T>::value; \
using type = std::integral_constant<bool, value>; \
}; \
\
template < typename Signature > \
struct has_ambiguous_mem_fun_call_##memfun; \
\
template < typename T, typename... Args > \
struct has_ambiguous_mem_fun_call_##memfun< T(Args...) > \
{ \
struct ambiguate_seed { void memfun(...); }; \
\
template < class U, bool = has_mem_##memfun<U>::value > \
struct ambiguate : U, ambiguate_seed \
{ \
using ambiguate_seed::memfun; \
using U::memfun; \
}; \
\
template < class U > \
struct ambiguate<U,false> : ambiguate_seed {}; \
\
static constexpr bool value = not has_valid_mem_fun_call_##memfun< ambiguate<T>(Args...) >::value; \
using type = std::integral_constant<bool, value>; \
}; \
\
template < typename Signature > \
struct has_viable_mem_fun_call_##memfun; \
\
template < typename T, typename... Args > \
struct has_viable_mem_fun_call_##memfun< T(Args...) > \
{ \
static constexpr bool value = has_valid_mem_fun_call_##memfun<T(Args...)>::value \
or has_ambiguous_mem_fun_call_##memfun<T(Args...)>::value; \
using type = std::integral_constant<bool, value>; \
}; \
\
template < typename Signature > \
struct has_no_viable_mem_fun_call_##memfun; \
\
template < typename T, typename... Args > \
struct has_no_viable_mem_fun_call_##memfun < T(Args...) > \
{ \
static constexpr bool value = not has_viable_mem_fun_call_##memfun<T(Args...)>::value; \
using type = std::integral_constant<bool, value>; \
}; \
\
template < typename Signature > \
struct result_of_mem_fun_call_##memfun; \
\
template < typename T, typename... Args > \
struct result_of_mem_fun_call_##memfun< T(Args...) > \
{ \
using type = decltype(std::declval<T>().memfun(std::declval<Args>()...)); \
};
#endif
可能不像其他例子那么好，但这是我为c++ 11想出的。这适用于选择重载方法。
template <typename... Args>
struct Pack {};
#define Proxy(T) ((T &)(*(int *)(nullptr)))
template <typename Class, typename ArgPack, typename = nullptr_t>
struct HasFoo
{
enum { value = false };
};
template <typename Class, typename... Args>
struct HasFoo<
Class,
Pack<Args...>,
decltype((void)(Proxy(Class).foo(Proxy(Args)...)), nullptr)>
{
enum { value = true };
};
示例使用
struct Object
{
int foo(int n) { return n; }
#if SOME_CONDITION
int foo(int n, char c) { return n + c; }
#endif
};
template <bool has_foo_int_char>
struct Dispatcher;
template <>
struct Dispatcher<false>
{
template <typename Object>
static int exec(Object &object, int n, char c)
{
return object.foo(n) + c;
}
};
template <>
struct Dispatcher<true>
{
template <typename Object>
static int exec(Object &object, int n, char c)
{
return object.foo(n, c);
}
};
int runExample()
{
using Args = Pack<int, char>;
enum { has_overload = HasFoo<Object, Args>::value };
Object object;
return Dispatcher<has_overload>::exec(object, 100, 'a');
}
c++ 20 -需要表达式
c++ 20带来了一些概念和各种工具，比如require表达式，这是一种检查函数是否存在的内置方式。有了它们，你可以重写optionalToString函数如下:
template<class T>
std::string optionalToString(T* obj)
{
constexpr bool has_toString = requires(const T& t) {
t.toString();
};
if constexpr (has_toString)
return obj->toString();
else
return "toString not defined";
}
pre - c++ 20 -检测工具包
N4502 proposes a detection toolkit for inclusion into the C++17 standard library that eventually made it into the library fundamentals TS v2. It most likely won't ever get into the standard because it has been subsumed by requires expressions since, but it still solves the problem in a somewhat elegant manner. The toolkit introduces some metafunctions, including std::is_detected which can be used to easily write type or function detection metafunctions on the top of it. Here is how you could use it:
template<typename T>
using toString_t = decltype( std::declval<T&>().toString() );
template<typename T>
constexpr bool has_toString = std::is_detected_v<toString_t, T>;
注意，上面的例子是未经测试的。标准库中还没有检测工具包，但建议包含了一个完整的实现，如果您确实需要它，可以很容易地复制它。它可以很好地使用c++ 17的特性，如果constexpr:
template<class T>
std::string optionalToString(T* obj)
{
if constexpr (has_toString<T>)
return obj->toString();
else
return "toString not defined";
}
C++14 - 助推哈娜
提振。Hana显然建立在这个特定的例子之上，并在其文档中提供了c++ 14的解决方案，所以我将直接引用它:
[...] Hana provides a is_valid function that can be combined with C++14 generic lambdas to obtain a much cleaner implementation of the same thing: auto has_toString = hana::is_valid([](auto&& obj) -> decltype(obj.toString()) { }); This leaves us with a function object has_toString which returns whether the given expression is valid on the argument we pass to it. The result is returned as an IntegralConstant, so constexpr-ness is not an issue here because the result of the function is represented as a type anyway. Now, in addition to being less verbose (that's a one liner!), the intent is much clearer. Other benefits are the fact that has_toString can be passed to higher order algorithms and it can also be defined at function scope, so there is no need to pollute the namespace scope with implementation details.
提振。创科实业
执行这种检查的另一个惯用工具包是Boost，尽管它没有那么优雅。TTI，在Boost 1.54 4.0中引入。对于您的示例，您必须使用宏BOOST_TTI_HAS_MEMBER_FUNCTION。下面是你如何使用它:
#include <boost/tti/has_member_function.hpp>
// Generate the metafunction
BOOST_TTI_HAS_MEMBER_FUNCTION(toString)
// Check whether T has a member function toString
// which takes no parameter and returns a std::string
constexpr bool foo = has_member_function_toString<T, std::string>::value;
然后，您可以使用bool来创建SFINAE检查。
解释
宏BOOST_TTI_HAS_MEMBER_FUNCTION生成元函数has_member_function_toString，该函数将选中的类型作为其第一个模板参数。第二个模板形参对应于成员函数的返回类型，下面的形参对应于函数形参的类型。如果类T有成员函数std::string toString()，则成员值为true。
或者，has_member_function_toString可以接受成员函数指针作为模板形参。因此，可以将has_member_function_toString<T, std::string>::value替换为has_member_function_toString<std::string T::* ()>::value。
我一直在寻找一个方法，允许以某种方式不绑定结构名has_member类的成员的名字。 实际上，如果lambda可以被允许在未求值的表达式中(这是被标准禁止的)，这将更简单，即has_member<ClassName, SOME_MACRO_WITH_DECLTYPE(member_name)>
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <type_traits>
#define LAMBDA_FOR_MEMBER_NAME(NAME) [](auto object_instance) -> decltype(&(decltype(object_instance)::NAME)) {}
template<typename T>
struct TypeGetter
{
constexpr TypeGetter() = default;
constexpr TypeGetter(T) {}
using type = T;
constexpr auto getValue()
{
return std::declval<type>();
}
};
template<typename T, typename LambdaExpressionT>
struct has_member {
using lambda_prototype = LambdaExpressionT;
//SFINAE
template<class ValueT, class = void>
struct is_void_t_deducable : std::false_type {};
template<class ValueT>
struct is_void_t_deducable<ValueT,
std::void_t<decltype(std::declval<lambda_prototype>()(std::declval<ValueT>()))>> : std::true_type {};
static constexpr bool value = is_void_t_deducable<T>::value;
};
struct SimpleClass
{
int field;
void method() {}
};
int main(void)
{
const auto helpful_lambda = LAMBDA_FOR_MEMBER_NAME(field);
using member_field = decltype(helpful_lambda);
std::cout << has_member<SimpleClass, member_field>::value;
const auto lambda = LAMBDA_FOR_MEMBER_NAME(method);
using member_method = decltype(lambda);
std::cout << has_member<SimpleClass, member_method>::value;
}
我也遇到过类似的问题:
一个模板类，可以从少数基类派生，其中一些基类具有某个成员，而另一些基类没有。
我解决它类似于“typeof”(Nicola Bonelli)的答案，但使用decltype，所以它在MSVS上编译和正确运行:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
struct Generic {};
struct HasMember
{
HasMember() : _a(1) {};
int _a;
};
// SFINAE test
template <typename T>
class S : public T
{
public:
std::string foo (std::string b)
{
return foo2<T>(b,0);
}
protected:
template <typename T> std::string foo2 (std::string b, decltype (T::_a))
{
return b + std::to_string(T::_a);
}
template <typename T> std::string foo2 (std::string b, ...)
{
return b + "No";
}
};
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
S<HasMember> d1;
S<Generic> d2;
std::cout << d1.foo("HasMember: ") << std::endl;
std::cout << d2.foo("Generic: ") << std::endl;
return 0;
}
