In python you have decorators, you basically have a function that takes another function as input. You can do what ever you want: call the function, do something else, wrap the function call in a resource acquire release, etc. but you don't get to peek inside that function. Say we wanted to make it more powerful, say your decorator received the code of the function as a list then you could not only execute the function as is but you can now execute parts of it, reorder lines of the function etc.

想想在C或c++中可以用宏和模板做什么。它们是管理重复代码的非常有用的工具，但它们在相当严重的方面受到限制。

有限的宏/模板语法限制了它们的使用。例如，不能编写扩展为类或函数以外内容的模板。宏和模板不容易维护内部数据。 C和c++复杂且不规则的语法使得编写非常通用的宏非常困难。

Lisp和Lisp宏解决了这些问题。

Lisp宏是用Lisp编写的。您拥有Lisp的全部功能来编写宏。 Lisp有一个非常规则的语法。

与任何精通c++的人交谈，问他们花了多长时间来学习模板元编程所需的所有模板。或者是《现代c++设计》等(优秀)书籍中的所有疯狂技巧，尽管语言已经标准化了10年，但这些技巧仍然很难调试，而且(在实践中)无法在真实的编译器之间移植。如果用于元编程的语言与用于编程的语言相同，那么所有这些问题都消失了!

我认为我从来没有见过比这个家伙解释得更好的Lisp宏:http://www.defmacro.org/ramblings/lisp.html

Lisp宏代表了几乎在任何大型编程项目中都会出现的一种模式。最终，在一个大的程序中，你会有一段代码，你会意识到，如果你写一个程序，把源代码输出为文本，然后你就可以粘贴进去，这会更简单，更不容易出错。

在Python中，对象有两个方法__repr__和__str__。__str__只是人类可读的表示。__repr__返回一个有效的Python代码表示，也就是说，可以作为有效的Python输入解释器。通过这种方式，您可以创建一些小的Python代码片段，生成可以粘贴到实际源代码中的有效代码。

在Lisp中，整个过程由宏系统形式化。当然，它允许您为语法创建扩展并执行各种奇特的事情，但它的实际用处可以从上面总结出来。当然，Lisp宏系统允许您使用整个语言的全部功能来操作这些“片段”是有帮助的。

您将在这里找到关于lisp宏的全面辩论。

这篇文章的一个有趣的子集:

In most programming languages, syntax is complex. Macros have to take apart program syntax, analyze it, and reassemble it. They do not have access to the program's parser, so they have to depend on heuristics and best-guesses. Sometimes their cut-rate analysis is wrong, and then they break. But Lisp is different. Lisp macros do have access to the parser, and it is a really simple parser. A Lisp macro is not handed a string, but a preparsed piece of source code in the form of a list, because the source of a Lisp program is not a string; it is a list. And Lisp programs are really good at taking apart lists and putting them back together. They do this reliably, every day. Here is an extended example. Lisp has a macro, called "setf", that performs assignment. The simplest form of setf is (setf x whatever) which sets the value of the symbol "x" to the value of the expression "whatever". Lisp also has lists; you can use the "car" and "cdr" functions to get the first element of a list or the rest of the list, respectively. Now what if you want to replace the first element of a list with a new value? There is a standard function for doing that, and incredibly, its name is even worse than "car". It is "rplaca". But you do not have to remember "rplaca", because you can write (setf (car somelist) whatever) to set the car of somelist. What is really happening here is that "setf" is a macro. At compile time, it examines its arguments, and it sees that the first one has the form (car SOMETHING). It says to itself "Oh, the programmer is trying to set the car of somthing. The function to use for that is 'rplaca'." And it quietly rewrites the code in place to: (rplaca somelist whatever)

简而言之，宏是代码的转换。它们允许引入许多新的语法结构。例如，考虑c#中的LINQ。在lisp中，有类似的由宏实现的语言扩展(例如，内置循环构造，迭代)。宏显著地减少了代码重复。宏允许嵌入«小语言»(例如，在c#/java中可以使用xml进行配置，在lisp中可以使用宏实现同样的事情)。宏可能隐藏使用库的困难。

例如，在lisp中你可以写

(iter (for (id name) in-clsql-query "select id, name from users" on-database *users-database*)
      (format t "User with ID of ~A has name ~A.~%" id name))

这隐藏了所有数据库的东西(事务，正确的连接关闭，获取数据等)，而在c#中，这需要创建SqlConnections, SqlCommands，将SqlParameters添加到SqlCommands，在SqlDataReaders上循环，正确地关闭它们。