简而言之，宏用于定义通用Lisp或领域特定语言(dsl)的语言语法扩展。这些语言直接嵌入到现有的Lisp代码中。现在，dsl可以具有与Lisp相似的语法(如Peter Norvig的用于通用Lisp的Prolog解释器)，也可以具有完全不同的语法(例如用于Clojure的中缀符号数学)。

这里有一个更具体的例子:Python在语言中内置了列表推导式。这为常见情况提供了简单的语法。这条线

divisibleByTwo = [x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0]

生成一个包含0到9之间所有偶数的列表。在Python 1.5版本中还没有这样的语法;你可以使用类似这样的语句:

divisibleByTwo = []
for x in range( 10 ):
   if x % 2 == 0:
      divisibleByTwo.append( x )

它们在功能上是等价的。让我们暂停怀疑，假设Lisp有一个非常有限的循环宏，它只做迭代，没有简单的方法来做等价的列表推导。

在Lisp中，您可以编写如下代码。我应该指出，这个虚构的例子与Python代码相同，而不是Lisp代码的好例子。

;; the following two functions just make equivalent of Python's range function
;; you can safely ignore them unless you are running this code
(defun range-helper (x)
  (if (= x 0)
      (list x)
      (cons x (range-helper (- x 1)))))

(defun range (x)
  (reverse (range-helper (- x 1))))

;; equivalent to the python example:
;; define a variable
(defvar divisibleByTwo nil)

;; loop from 0 upto and including 9
(loop for x in (range 10)
   ;; test for divisibility by two
   if (= (mod x 2) 0) 
   ;; append to the list
   do (setq divisibleByTwo (append divisibleByTwo (list x))))

在我进一步讨论之前，我应该更好地解释什么是宏。它是一个代码对一个代码执行的转换。也就是说，由解释器(或编译器)读取的一段代码，将代码作为参数，进行操作并返回结果，然后在适当的位置运行。

当然，这需要大量的输入，而且程序员很懒。所以我们可以定义DSL来做列表推导。事实上，我们已经在使用一个宏(循环宏)。

Lisp defines a couple of special syntax forms. The quote (') indicates the next token is a literal. The quasiquote or backtick (`) indicates the next token is a literal with escapes. Escapes are indicated by the comma operator. The literal '(1 2 3) is the equivalent of Python's [1, 2, 3]. You can assign it to another variable or use it in place. You can think of `(1 2 ,x) as the equivalent of Python's [1, 2, x] where x is a variable previously defined. This list notation is part of the magic that goes into macros. The second part is the Lisp reader which intelligently substitutes macros for code but that is best illustrated below:

因此，我们可以定义一个名为lcomp(列表理解的缩写)的宏。它的语法将完全像我们在示例中使用的python [x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0] - (lcomp x for x in (range 10) if (= (% x 2) 0)))

(defmacro lcomp (expression for var in list conditional conditional-test)
  ;; create a unique variable name for the result
  (let ((result (gensym)))
    ;; the arguments are really code so we can substitute them 
    ;; store nil in the unique variable name generated above
    `(let ((,result nil))
       ;; var is a variable name
       ;; list is the list literal we are suppose to iterate over
       (loop for ,var in ,list
            ;; conditional is if or unless
            ;; conditional-test is (= (mod x 2) 0) in our examples
            ,conditional ,conditional-test
            ;; and this is the action from the earlier lisp example
            ;; result = result + [x] in python
            do (setq ,result (append ,result (list ,expression))))
           ;; return the result 
       ,result)))

现在我们可以在命令行执行:

CL-USER> (lcomp x for x in (range 10) if (= (mod x 2) 0))
(0 2 4 6 8)

很整洁，是吧?现在还不止于此。你有一个装置，或者画笔，如果你喜欢的话。你可以使用任何你想要的语法。就像Python或c#的语法一样。或者。net的LINQ语法。最终，这就是Lisp吸引人们的地方——极致的灵活性。

我认为我从来没有见过比这个家伙解释得更好的Lisp宏:http://www.defmacro.org/ramblings/lisp.html

您将在这里找到关于lisp宏的全面辩论。

这篇文章的一个有趣的子集:

In most programming languages, syntax is complex. Macros have to take apart program syntax, analyze it, and reassemble it. They do not have access to the program's parser, so they have to depend on heuristics and best-guesses. Sometimes their cut-rate analysis is wrong, and then they break. But Lisp is different. Lisp macros do have access to the parser, and it is a really simple parser. A Lisp macro is not handed a string, but a preparsed piece of source code in the form of a list, because the source of a Lisp program is not a string; it is a list. And Lisp programs are really good at taking apart lists and putting them back together. They do this reliably, every day. Here is an extended example. Lisp has a macro, called "setf", that performs assignment. The simplest form of setf is (setf x whatever) which sets the value of the symbol "x" to the value of the expression "whatever". Lisp also has lists; you can use the "car" and "cdr" functions to get the first element of a list or the rest of the list, respectively. Now what if you want to replace the first element of a list with a new value? There is a standard function for doing that, and incredibly, its name is even worse than "car". It is "rplaca". But you do not have to remember "rplaca", because you can write (setf (car somelist) whatever) to set the car of somelist. What is really happening here is that "setf" is a macro. At compile time, it examines its arguments, and it sees that the first one has the form (car SOMETHING). It says to itself "Oh, the programmer is trying to set the car of somthing. The function to use for that is 'rplaca'." And it quietly rewrites the code in place to: (rplaca somelist whatever)

我从通用的lisp烹饪书中得到了这个，我认为它解释了为什么lisp宏是有用的。

宏是一段普通的Lisp代码，它对另一段假定的Lisp代码进行操作，将其翻译成(更接近于)可执行的Lisp。这听起来可能有点复杂，所以让我们举一个简单的例子。假设您想要一个版本的setq，将两个变量设置为相同的值。所以如果你写

(setq2 x y (+ z 3))

当z=8时，x和y都被设为11。(我想不出这有什么用，但这只是一个例子。)

It should be obvious that we can't define setq2 as a function. If x=50 and y=-5, this function would receive the values 50, -5, and 11; it would have no knowledge of what variables were supposed to be set. What we really want to say is, When you (the Lisp system) see (setq2 v1 v2 e), treat it as equivalent to (progn (setq v1 e) (setq v2 e)). Actually, this isn't quite right, but it will do for now. A macro allows us to do precisely this, by specifying a program for transforming the input pattern (setq2 v1 v2 e)" into the output pattern (progn ...)."

如果你觉得这很好，你可以继续读下去: http://cl-cookbook.sourceforge.net/macros.html

通用Lisp宏本质上扩展了代码的“语法原语”。

例如，在C语言中，switch/case结构只适用于整型，如果你想将它用于浮点数或字符串，你就只能使用嵌套的if语句和显式比较。你也不可能编写一个C宏来为你做这项工作。

但是，由于lisp宏(本质上)是一个lisp程序，它接受代码片段作为输入，并返回代码来替换宏的“调用”，因此您可以尽可能地扩展您的“原语”库，通常最终会得到一个更可读的程序。

要在C中做同样的事情，您必须编写一个自定义预处理器，它会吃掉您的初始(不完全是C)源代码，并吐出C编译器可以理解的东西。这不是一种错误的方法，但它不一定是最简单的。

想想在C或c++中可以用宏和模板做什么。它们是管理重复代码的非常有用的工具，但它们在相当严重的方面受到限制。

有限的宏/模板语法限制了它们的使用。例如，不能编写扩展为类或函数以外内容的模板。宏和模板不容易维护内部数据。 C和c++复杂且不规则的语法使得编写非常通用的宏非常困难。

Lisp和Lisp宏解决了这些问题。

Lisp宏是用Lisp编写的。您拥有Lisp的全部功能来编写宏。 Lisp有一个非常规则的语法。

与任何精通c++的人交谈，问他们花了多长时间来学习模板元编程所需的所有模板。或者是《现代c++设计》等(优秀)书籍中的所有疯狂技巧，尽管语言已经标准化了10年，但这些技巧仍然很难调试，而且(在实践中)无法在真实的编译器之间移植。如果用于元编程的语言与用于编程的语言相同，那么所有这些问题都消失了!