更新2017-01-25。在尝试了一些东西之后，我决定使用VisualBasic.dll，它更容易，工作效果更好(至少对我来说)。我让我之前的答案只是作为参考…

只是作为参考，这是我如何不传递参数(我找不到任何理由这样做…我指的是带有参数的单个应用程序，这些参数可以从一个实例传递到另一个实例)。 如果需要文件关联，那么应用程序应该(根据用户的标准期望)为每个文档实例化。如果你必须传递args到现有的应用程序，我想我会使用vb dll。

不传递参数(只是单实例应用程序)，我更喜欢不注册一个新的窗口消息，不覆盖Matt Davis解决方案中定义的消息循环。虽然添加一个VisualBasic dll不是一个大问题，但我不喜欢添加一个新的引用只是做单个实例应用程序。此外，我更喜欢用Main实例化一个新类，而不是调用Shutdown from app. startup重写以确保尽快退出。

希望大家都喜欢……或者会启发一点:-)

项目启动类应该设置为“SingleInstanceApp”。

public class SingleInstanceApp
{
    [STAThread]
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Mutex _mutexSingleInstance = new Mutex(true, "MonitorMeSingleInstance");

        if (_mutexSingleInstance.WaitOne(TimeSpan.Zero, true))
        {
            try
            {
                var app = new App();
                app.InitializeComponent();
                app.Run();

            }
            finally
            {
                _mutexSingleInstance.ReleaseMutex();
                _mutexSingleInstance.Close();
            }
        }
        else
        {
            MessageBox.Show("One instance is already running.");

            var processes = Process.GetProcessesByName(Assembly.GetEntryAssembly().GetName().Name);
            {
                if (processes.Length > 1)
                {
                    foreach (var process in processes)
                    {
                        if (process.Id != Process.GetCurrentProcess().Id)
                        {
                            WindowHelper.SetForegroundWindow(process.MainWindowHandle);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

WindowHelper:

using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Interop;
using System.Windows.Threading;

namespace HQ.Util.Unmanaged
{
    public class WindowHelper
    {
        [DllImport("user32.dll")]
        [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
        public static extern bool SetForegroundWindow(IntPtr hWnd);

请看下面的代码。它是防止一个WPF应用程序有多个实例的一个很好的简单解决方案。

private void Application_Startup(object sender, StartupEventArgs e)
{
    Process thisProc = Process.GetCurrentProcess();
    if (Process.GetProcessesByName(thisProc.ProcessName).Length > 1)
    {
        MessageBox.Show("Application running");
        Application.Current.Shutdown();
        return;
    }

    var wLogin = new LoginWindow();

    if (wLogin.ShowDialog() == true)
    {
        var wMain = new Main();
        wMain.WindowState = WindowState.Maximized;
        wMain.Show();
    }
    else
    {
        Application.Current.Shutdown();
    }
}

这就是我最终处理这个问题的方式。注意，调试代码仍然在那里进行测试。这段代码在App.xaml.cs文件的OnStartup中。(WPF)

        // Process already running ? 
        if (Process.GetProcessesByName(Process.GetCurrentProcess().ProcessName).Length > 1)
        {

            // Show your error message
            MessageBox.Show("xxx is already running.  \r\n\r\nIf the original process is hung up you may need to restart your computer, or kill the current xxx process using the task manager.", "xxx is already running!", MessageBoxButton.OK, MessageBoxImage.Exclamation);

            // This process 
            Process currentProcess = Process.GetCurrentProcess();

            // Get all processes running on the local computer.
            Process[] localAll = Process.GetProcessesByName(Process.GetCurrentProcess().ProcessName);

            // ID of this process... 
            int temp = currentProcess.Id;
            MessageBox.Show("This Process ID:  " + temp.ToString());

            for (int i = 0; i < localAll.Length; i++)
            {
                // Find the other process 
                if (localAll[i].Id != currentProcess.Id)
                {
                    MessageBox.Show("Original Process ID (Switching to):  " + localAll[i].Id.ToString());

                    // Switch to it... 
                    SetForegroundWindow(localAll[i].MainWindowHandle);

                }
            }

            Application.Current.Shutdown();

        }

这可能有我还没有发现的问题。如果我遇到了，我会更新我的答案。

这里有一个解决方案:

Protected Overrides Sub OnStartup(e As StartupEventArgs)
    Const appName As String = "TestApp"
    Dim createdNew As Boolean
    _mutex = New Mutex(True, appName, createdNew)
    If Not createdNew Then
        'app is already running! Exiting the application
        MessageBox.Show("Application is already running.")
        Application.Current.Shutdown()
    End If
    MyBase.OnStartup(e)
End Sub

这是通过事件实现的相同的事情。

public enum ApplicationSingleInstanceMode
{
    CurrentUserSession,
    AllSessionsOfCurrentUser,
    Pc
}

public class ApplicationSingleInstancePerUser: IDisposable
{
    private readonly EventWaitHandle _event;

    /// <summary>
    /// Shows if the current instance of ghost is the first
    /// </summary>
    public bool FirstInstance { get; private set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Initializes 
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="applicationName">The application name</param>
    /// <param name="mode">The single mode</param>
    public ApplicationSingleInstancePerUser(string applicationName, ApplicationSingleInstanceMode mode = ApplicationSingleInstanceMode.CurrentUserSession)
    {
        string name;
        if (mode == ApplicationSingleInstanceMode.CurrentUserSession)
            name = $"Local\\{applicationName}";
        else if (mode == ApplicationSingleInstanceMode.AllSessionsOfCurrentUser)
            name = $"Global\\{applicationName}{Environment.UserDomainName}";
        else
            name = $"Global\\{applicationName}";

        try
        {
            bool created;
            _event = new EventWaitHandle(false, EventResetMode.ManualReset, name, out created);
            FirstInstance = created;
        }
        catch
        {
        }
    }

    public void Dispose()
    {
        _event.Dispose();
    }
}

从这里。

跨进程互斥锁的一个常见用途是确保一个程序一次只能运行一个实例。以下是如何做到的:

class OneAtATimePlease {

  // Use a name unique to the application (eg include your company URL)
  static Mutex mutex = new Mutex (false, "oreilly.com OneAtATimeDemo");

  static void Main()
  {
    // Wait 5 seconds if contended – in case another instance
    // of the program is in the process of shutting down.
    if (!mutex.WaitOne(TimeSpan.FromSeconds (5), false))
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Another instance of the app is running. Bye!");
        return;
    }

    try
    {    
        Console.WriteLine("Running - press Enter to exit");
        Console.ReadLine();
    }
    finally
    {
        mutex.ReleaseMutex();
    }    
  }    
}

互斥锁的一个很好的特性是，如果应用程序在没有首先调用ReleaseMutex的情况下终止，CLR将自动释放互斥锁。