因为最初的帖子想要一对:

import random
d = {'VENEZUELA':'CARACAS', 'CANADA':'TORONTO'}
country, capital = random.choice(list(d.items()))

(python 3风格)

一种方法是:

import random
d = {'VENEZUELA':'CARACAS', 'CANADA':'OTTAWA'}
random.choice(list(d.values()))

编辑:在最初的帖子发布几年后，这个问题被修改了，现在是一对，而不是一个。最后一行现在应该是:

country, capital = random.choice(list(d.items()))

从字典集dict_data中选择50个随机键值:

sample = random.sample(set(dict_data.keys()), 50)

如果你不想使用random.choice()，你可以尝试这样做:

>>> list(myDictionary)[i]
'VENEZUELA'
>>> myDictionary = {'VENEZUELA':'CARACAS', 'IRAN' : 'TEHRAN'}
>>> import random
>>> i = random.randint(0, len(myDictionary) - 1)
>>> myDictionary[list(myDictionary)[i]]
'TEHRAN'
>>> list(myDictionary)[i]
'IRAN'

下面是一个字典类的Python代码，它可以在O(1)时间内返回随机键。(为了可读性，我在代码中包含了myypy类型):

from typing import TypeVar, Generic, Dict, List
import random

K = TypeVar('K')
V = TypeVar('V')
class IndexableDict(Generic[K, V]):
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.keys: List[K] = []
        self.vals: List[V] = []
        self.dict: Dict[K, int] = {}

    def __getitem__(self, key: K) -> V:
        return self.vals[self.dict[key]]

    def __setitem__(self, key: K, val: V) -> None:
        if key in self.dict:
            index = self.dict[key]
            self.vals[index] = val
        else:
            self.dict[key] = len(self.keys)
            self.keys.append(key)
            self.vals.append(val)

    def __contains__(self, key: K) -> bool:
        return key in self.dict

    def __len__(self) -> int:
        return len(self.keys)

    def random_key(self) -> K:
        return self.keys[random.randrange(len(self.keys))]

这适用于Python 2和Python 3:

随机键:

random.choice(list(d.keys()))

一个随机值

random.choice(list(d.values()))

一个随机键和值

random.choice(list(d.items()))