如何验证程序是否存在,以返回错误并退出,或继续执行脚本?

看起来应该很容易,但这让我很为难。


当前回答

仅zsh,但对于zsh脚本非常有用(例如,在编写完成脚本时):

zsh/parameter模块可以访问内部命令哈希表等。来自man zshmodules:

THE ZSH/PARAMETER MODULE
       The zsh/parameter module gives access to some of the internal hash  ta‐
       bles used by the shell by defining some special parameters.


[...]

       commands
              This  array gives access to the command hash table. The keys are
              the names of external commands, the values are the pathnames  of
              the  files  that would be executed when the command would be in‐
              voked. Setting a key in this array defines a new entry  in  this
              table  in the same way as with the hash builtin. Unsetting a key
              as in `unset "commands[foo]"' removes the entry  for  the  given
              key from the command hash table.

尽管它是一个可加载的模块,但只要zsh不与--simulate一起使用,它似乎是默认加载的。

例子:

martin@martin ~ % echo $commands[zsh]
/usr/bin/zsh

要快速检查某个命令是否可用,只需检查哈希中是否存在密钥:

if (( ${+commands[zsh]} ))
then
  echo "zsh is available"
fi

请注意,散列将包含$PATH文件夹中的任何文件,无论它们是否可执行。为了绝对确定,您必须对此进行统计:

if (( ${+commands[zsh]} )) && [[ -x $commands[zsh] ]]
then
  echo "zsh is available"
fi

其他回答

checkexists() {
    while [ -n "$1" ]; do
        [ -n "$(which "$1")" ] || echo "$1": command not found
        shift
    done
}

我想说,由于悬挂别名,没有任何可移植和100%可靠的方法。例如:

alias john='ls --color'
alias paul='george -F'
alias george='ls -h'
alias ringo=/

当然,只有最后一个是有问题的(林戈没有冒犯!)。但从command-v的角度来看,它们都是有效的别名。

为了拒绝像ringo这样的悬空命令,我们必须解析shell内置别名命令的输出并递归到它们中(这里命令-v并不优于别名)。没有任何可移植的解决方案,即使是特定于Bash的解决方案也相当乏味。

注意,类似这样的解决方案将无条件拒绝别名ls='ls-F':

test() { command -v $1 | grep -qv alias }
GIT=/usr/bin/git                     # STORE THE RELATIVE PATH
# GIT=$(which git)                   # USE THIS COMMAND TO SEARCH FOR THE RELATIVE PATH

if [[ ! -e $GIT ]]; then             # CHECK IF THE FILE EXISTS
    echo "PROGRAM DOES NOT EXIST."
    exit 1                           # EXIT THE PROGRAM IF IT DOES NOT
fi

# DO SOMETHING ...

exit 0                               # EXIT THE PROGRAM IF IT DOES

我同意lhunath不鼓励使用which,他的解决方案对Bash用户完全有效。但是,为了更便于携带,应使用命令-v:

$ command -v foo >/dev/null 2>&1 || { echo "I require foo but it's not installed.  Aborting." >&2; exit 1; }

命令命令符合POSIX。参见此处了解其规范:command-execute一个简单的命令

注意:类型符合POSIX,但类型-P不符合。

如果没有任何可用的外部类型命令(在这里是理所当然的),我们可以使用符合POSIX的env-i sh-c“type cmd 1>/dev/null 2>&1”:

# Portable version of Bash's type -P cmd (without output on stdout)
typep() {
   command -p env -i PATH="$PATH" sh -c '
      export LC_ALL=C LANG=C
      cmd="$1"
      cmd="`type "$cmd" 2>/dev/null || { echo "error: command $cmd not found; exiting ..." 1>&2; exit 1; }`"
      [ $? != 0 ] && exit 1
      case "$cmd" in
        *\ /*) exit 0;;
            *) printf "%s\n" "error: $cmd" 1>&2; exit 1;;
      esac
   ' _ "$1" || exit 1
}

# Get your standard $PATH value
#PATH="$(command -p getconf PATH)"
typep ls
typep builtin
typep ls-temp

至少在Mac OS X v10.6.8(雪豹)上,使用Bash 4.2.24(2)命令-vls与移动的/bin/ls温度不匹配。