正如在https://wiki.sei.cmu.edu/confluence/display/java/MET12-J.+Do+not+use+finalizers上指出的那样，

There is no fixed time at which finalizers must be executed because time of execution depends on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). The only guarantee is that any finalizer method that executes will do so sometime after the associated object has become unreachable (detected during the first cycle of garbage collection) and sometime before the garbage collector reclaims the associated object's storage (during the garbage collector's second cycle). Execution of an object's finalizer may be delayed for an arbitrarily long time after the object becomes unreachable. Consequently, invoking time-critical functionality such as closing file handles in an object's finalize() method is problematic.

Java finalize()方法不是析构函数，不应用于处理应用程序所依赖的逻辑。Java规范声明，不能保证在应用程序的生存期内调用finalize方法。

你可能想要的是一个finally和cleanup方法的组合，如:

MyClass myObj;

try {
    myObj = new MyClass();

    // ...
} finally {
    if (null != myObj) {
        myObj.cleanup();
    }
}

这将正确处理MyClass()构造函数抛出异常时的情况。

An Object becomes eligible for Garbage collection or GC if its not reachable from any live threads or any static refrences in other words you can say that an object becomes eligible for garbage collection if its all references are null. Cyclic dependencies are not counted as reference so if Object A has reference of object B and object B has reference of Object A and they don't have any other live reference then both Objects A and B will be eligible for Garbage collection. Generally an object becomes eligible for garbage collection in Java on following cases:

该对象的所有引用显式设置为空，例如object = null 对象在块内创建，一旦控件退出该块，引用就会离开作用域。 父对象设置为空，如果一个对象持有另一个对象的引用，并且当您将容器对象的引用设置为空时，子对象或包含对象自动符合垃圾收集的条件。 如果一个对象只有通过WeakHashMap的活动引用，那么它就有资格进行垃圾收集。

类，在其中重写finalize方法

public class TestClass {    
    public TestClass() {
        System.out.println("constructor");
    }

    public void display() {
        System.out.println("display");
    }
    @Override
    public void finalize() {
        System.out.println("destructor");
    }
}

finalize方法被调用的几率

public class TestGarbageCollection {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        while (true) {
            TestClass s = new TestClass();
            s.display();
            System.gc();
        }
    }
}

当内存被转储对象重载时，gc将调用finalize方法

运行并查看控制台，在那里你不会发现finalize方法被频繁调用，当内存超载时，finalize方法将被调用。

Finalize将打印出类创建的计数。

protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
    System.out.println("Run F" );
    if ( checkedOut)
        System.out.println("Error: Checked out");
        System.out.println("Class Create Count: " + classCreate);
}

main

while ( true) {
    Book novel=new Book(true);
    //System.out.println(novel.checkedOut);
    //Runtime.getRuntime().runFinalization();
    novel.checkIn();
    new Book(true);
    //System.runFinalization();
    System.gc();

如你所见。下面的输出显示了类计数为36时第一次执行的gc。

C:\javaCode\firstClass>java TerminationCondition
Run F
Error: Checked out
Class Create Count: 36
Run F
Error: Checked out
Class Create Count: 48
Run F

JDK 18的最新消息

根据openjdk 18发布的JEPS 421, finalize()方法的终结和功能将被标记为已弃用(forRemoval=true)，这意味着永久删除将在jdk 18之后的某个后续版本中进行。

从jdk 18开始，一个新的命令行选项——finalization=disabled禁用了所有地方的终结机制，甚至是jdk内部的声明。

这也与这里的这个问题有关，因为它被计划删除的原因是它包含的一些主要缺陷。其中一个缺陷是，从一个对象变得不可访问到调用它的终结器之间可能会经过很长一段时间。GC也不能保证任何终结器将被调用，这也是事实。