我了解指针和引用的语法和一般语义，但是我应该如何决定什么时候在API中使用引用或指针比较合适?
当然，有些情况需要其中一个(操作符++需要引用参数)，但一般来说，我发现我更喜欢使用指针(和const指针)，因为语法很清楚，变量是破坏性传递的。
例如，在以下代码中:
void add_one(int& n) { n += 1; }
void add_one(int* const n) { *n += 1; }
int main() {
int a = 0;
add_one(a); // Not clear that a may be modified
add_one(&a); // 'a' is clearly being passed destructively
}
使用指针，它总是(更)明显的发生了什么，所以对于api和类似的地方，清晰度是一个大问题，指针不是比引用更合适吗?这是否意味着引用应该只在必要时使用(例如操作符++)?其中一种是否存在性能问题?
编辑(过时的):
除了允许NULL值和处理原始数组之外，选择似乎还取决于个人喜好。我接受下面的答案，引用谷歌的c++风格指南，因为他们提出的观点是“引用可能会令人困惑，因为它们有值语法，但有指针语义。”
由于需要额外的工作来清除不应该为NULL的指针参数(例如，add_one(0)将调用指针版本并在运行时中断)，从可维护性的角度来看，在必须存在对象的地方使用引用是有意义的，尽管失去语法的清晰性是一种遗憾。
从 C++ 常见问题精简版 -
Use references when you can, and pointers when you have to.
References are usually preferred over pointers whenever you don't need
"reseating". This usually means that references are most useful in a
class's public interface. References typically appear on the skin of
an object, and pointers on the inside.
The exception to the above is where a function's parameter or return
value needs a "sentinel" reference — a reference that does not refer
to an object. This is usually best done by returning/taking a pointer,
and giving the NULL pointer this special significance (references must
always alias objects, not a dereferenced NULL pointer).
Note: Old line C programmers sometimes don't like references since
they provide reference semantics that isn't explicit in the caller's
code. After some C++ experience, however, one quickly realizes this is
a form of information hiding, which is an asset rather than a
liability. E.g., programmers should write code in the language of the
problem rather than the language of the machine.
从 C++ 常见问题精简版 -
Use references when you can, and pointers when you have to.
References are usually preferred over pointers whenever you don't need
"reseating". This usually means that references are most useful in a
class's public interface. References typically appear on the skin of
an object, and pointers on the inside.
The exception to the above is where a function's parameter or return
value needs a "sentinel" reference — a reference that does not refer
to an object. This is usually best done by returning/taking a pointer,
and giving the NULL pointer this special significance (references must
always alias objects, not a dereferenced NULL pointer).
Note: Old line C programmers sometimes don't like references since
they provide reference semantics that isn't explicit in the caller's
code. After some C++ experience, however, one quickly realizes this is
a form of information hiding, which is an asset rather than a
liability. E.g., programmers should write code in the language of the
problem rather than the language of the machine.
