if [[ ${1:+isset} ]]
then echo "It was set and not null." >&2
else echo "It was not set or it was null." >&2
fi

if [[ ${1+isset} ]]
then echo "It was set but might be null." >&2
else echo "It was was not set." >&2
fi

当启用Bash选项集-u时，上面的答案不起作用。此外，它们不是动态的，例如，如何测试是否定义了名为“dummy”的变量？试试看：

is_var_defined()
{
    if [ $# -ne 1 ]
    then
        echo "Expected exactly one argument: variable name as string, e.g., 'my_var'"
        exit 1
    fi
    # Tricky.  Since Bash option 'set -u' may be enabled, we cannot directly test if a variable
    # is defined with this construct: [ ! -z "$var" ].  Instead, we must use default value
    # substitution with this construct: [ ! -z "${var:-}" ].  Normally, a default value follows the
    # operator ':-', but here we leave it blank for empty (null) string.  Finally, we need to
    # substitute the text from $1 as 'var'.  This is not allowed directly in Bash with this
    # construct: [ ! -z "${$1:-}" ].  We need to use indirection with eval operator.
    # Example: $1="var"
    # Expansion for eval operator: "[ ! -z \${$1:-} ]" -> "[ ! -z \${var:-} ]"
    # Code  execute: [ ! -z ${var:-} ]
    eval "[ ! -z \${$1:-} ]"
    return $?  # Pedantic.
}

相关：在Bash中，如何测试变量是否以“-u”模式定义

if [[ ${!xx[@]} ]] ; then echo xx is defined; fi

我总是使用这个，因为任何第一次看到代码的人都很容易理解：

if [ "$variable" = "" ]
    then
    echo "Variable X is empty"
fi

如果要检查是否为空；

if [ ! "$variable" = "" ]
    then
    echo "Variable X is not empty"
fi

就是这样。

虽然这里所述的大多数技术都是正确的，但Bash 4.2支持对变量的存在进行实际测试（man-Bash），而不是测试变量的值。

[[ -v foo ]]; echo $?
# 1

foo=bar
[[ -v foo ]]; echo $?
# 0

foo=""
[[ -v foo ]]; echo $?
# 0

值得注意的是，与许多其他方法（如使用[-z）不同，这种方法在set-u/set-o nounset模式下用于检查未设置的变量时不会导致错误。

您可以执行以下操作：

function a {
        if [ ! -z "$1" ]; then
                echo '$1 is set'
        fi
}