当启用Bash选项集-u时，上面的答案不起作用。此外，它们不是动态的，例如，如何测试是否定义了名为“dummy”的变量？试试看：

is_var_defined()
{
    if [ $# -ne 1 ]
    then
        echo "Expected exactly one argument: variable name as string, e.g., 'my_var'"
        exit 1
    fi
    # Tricky.  Since Bash option 'set -u' may be enabled, we cannot directly test if a variable
    # is defined with this construct: [ ! -z "$var" ].  Instead, we must use default value
    # substitution with this construct: [ ! -z "${var:-}" ].  Normally, a default value follows the
    # operator ':-', but here we leave it blank for empty (null) string.  Finally, we need to
    # substitute the text from $1 as 'var'.  This is not allowed directly in Bash with this
    # construct: [ ! -z "${$1:-}" ].  We need to use indirection with eval operator.
    # Example: $1="var"
    # Expansion for eval operator: "[ ! -z \${$1:-} ]" -> "[ ! -z \${var:-} ]"
    # Code  execute: [ ! -z ${var:-} ]
    eval "[ ! -z \${$1:-} ]"
    return $?  # Pedantic.
}

相关：在Bash中，如何测试变量是否以“-u”模式定义

如果你想检查$@中的任何内容，我找到了一个更好的代码。

if [[ $1 = "" ]]
then
  echo '$1 is blank'
else
  echo '$1 is filled up'
fi

为什么会这样？$@中的所有内容都存在于Bash中，但默认情况下为空，因此test-z和test-n无法帮助您。

更新：您还可以计算参数中的字符数。

if [ ${#1} = 0 ]
then
  echo '$1 is blank'
else
  echo '$1 is filled up'
fi

您可以执行以下操作：

function a {
        if [ ! -z "$1" ]; then
                echo '$1 is set'
        fi
}

有许多方法可以做到这一点，以下是其中之一：

if [ -z "$1" ]

如果$1为空或未设置，则此操作成功。

以下是如何测试参数是否未设置、是否为空（“Null”）或是否设置了值：

+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|   Expression       |       parameter      |     parameter   |    parameter    |
|   in script:       |   Set and Not Null   |   Set But Null  |      Unset      |
+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| ${parameter:-word} | substitute parameter | substitute word | substitute word |
| ${parameter-word}  | substitute parameter | substitute null | substitute word |
| ${parameter:=word} | substitute parameter | assign word     | assign word     |
| ${parameter=word}  | substitute parameter | substitute null | assign word     |
| ${parameter:?word} | substitute parameter | error, exit     | error, exit     |
| ${parameter?word}  | substitute parameter | substitute null | error, exit     |
| ${parameter:+word} | substitute word      | substitute null | substitute null |
| ${parameter+word}  | substitute word      | substitute word | substitute null |
+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------+

来源：POSIX：参数扩展：

在所有显示为“替换”的情况下，表达式将替换为显示的值。在所有显示为“assign”的情况下，参数都被指定该值，该值也会替换表达式。

要在操作中显示此内容，请执行以下操作：

+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|   Expression       |  When FOO="world"    |  When FOO=""    |    unset FOO    |
|   in script:       |  (Set and Not Null)  |  (Set But Null) |     (Unset)     |
+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| ${FOO:-hello}      | world                | hello           | hello           |
| ${FOO-hello}       | world                | ""              | hello           |
| ${FOO:=hello}      | world                | FOO=hello       | FOO=hello       |
| ${FOO=hello}       | world                | ""              | FOO=hello       |
| ${FOO:?hello}      | world                | error, exit     | error, exit     |
| ${FOO?hello}       | world                | ""              | error, exit     |
| ${FOO:+hello}      | hello                | ""              | ""              |
| ${FOO+hello}       | hello                | hello           | ""              |
+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------+-----------------+

我喜欢辅助功能来隐藏Bash的粗糙细节。在这种情况下，这样做会增加更多（隐藏的）粗糙度：

# The first ! negates the result (can't use -n to achieve this)
# the second ! expands the content of varname (can't do ${$varname})
function IsDeclared_Tricky
{
  local varname="$1"
  ! [ -z ${!varname+x} ]
}

因为我在这个实现中首先遇到了bug（灵感来自Jens和Lionel的回答），所以我想出了一个不同的解决方案：

# Ask for the properties of the variable - fails if not declared
function IsDeclared()
{
  declare -p $1 &>/dev/null
}

我发现它更直接，更害羞，更容易理解/记住。测试用例表明它是等效的：

function main()
{
  declare -i xyz
  local foo
  local bar=
  local baz=''

  IsDeclared_Tricky xyz; echo "IsDeclared_Tricky xyz: $?"
  IsDeclared_Tricky foo; echo "IsDeclared_Tricky foo: $?"
  IsDeclared_Tricky bar; echo "IsDeclared_Tricky bar: $?"
  IsDeclared_Tricky baz; echo "IsDeclared_Tricky baz: $?"

  IsDeclared xyz; echo "IsDeclared xyz: $?"
  IsDeclared foo; echo "IsDeclared foo: $?"
  IsDeclared bar; echo "IsDeclared bar: $?"
  IsDeclared baz; echo "IsDeclared baz: $?"
}

main

测试用例还显示，局部var不声明var（除非后面跟着“=”）。很长一段时间以来，我以为我是这样声明变量的，只是为了发现我只是表达了我的意图。。。我想这是不可能的。

IsDeclared_Tricky xyz:1IsDeclared_Tricky foo:1IsDeclared_Tricky条：0我声明的Tricky baz:0IsDeclared xyz:1IsDeclared foo:1IsDeclared栏：0IsDeclared baz:0

奖金：用例

我主要使用此测试以某种“优雅”和安全的方式（几乎类似于接口…）向函数提供（和返回）参数：

# Auxiliary functions
function die()
{
  echo "Error: $1"; exit 1
}

function assertVariableDeclared()
{
  IsDeclared "$1" || die "variable not declared: $1"
}

function expectVariables()
{
  while (( $# > 0 )); do
    assertVariableDeclared $1; shift
  done
}

# Actual example
function exampleFunction()
{
  expectVariables inputStr outputStr
  outputStr="$inputStr, World!"
}

function bonus()
{
  local inputStr='Hello'
  local outputStr= # Remove this to trigger the error
  exampleFunction
  echo $outputStr
}

bonus

如果调用时声明了所有必需的变量：

你好，世界！

其他：

错误：未声明变量：outputStr