要简洁明了地说明每个文件的用途

~ /。概要文件是每次终端源。App上线 ~ /。bashrc是“传统上”设置Bash环境的所有导出语句的地方 /etc/paths是Mac OS中的主文件，包含为所有用户构建PATH环境变量的默认路径列表 /etc/paths.D /包含包含其他搜索路径的文件

非终端程序不继承您的终端所继承的系统范围的PATH和MANPATH变量!要为特定用户启动的所有进程设置环境，从而使MacOSX GUI应用程序可以使用环境变量，这些变量必须在~/. macosx /environment中定义。plist (Apple Technical Q&A QA1067)

使用以下命令行同步您的环境。Plist /etc/paths:

defaults write $HOME/.MacOSX/environment PATH "$(tr '\n' ':' </etc/paths)"

嗯，我不确定/etc/paths和~/. macosx /environment。plist文件。那些是新的。

但是使用Bash时，您应该知道每次新的shell调用都会执行.bashrc 并且.bash_profile只在启动时执行一次。

我不知道在Mac OS x上这种情况发生的频率有多高。我想随着windows系统启动一切，这种区别已经消失了。

就我个人而言，我通过创建一个.bashrc文件来消除困惑，其中包含我需要的所有内容，然后执行:

ln -s .bashrc .bash_profile

来自单一来源的命令行和GUI应用程序的解决方案(适用于Mac OS X v10.10 (Yosemite)和Mac OS X v10.11 (El Capitan))

让我们假设在~/中有环境变量定义。Bash_profile如下所示:

export JAVA_HOME="$(/usr/libexec/java_home -v 1.8)"
export GOPATH="$HOME/go"
export PATH="$PATH:/usr/local/opt/go/libexec/bin:$GOPATH/bin"
export PATH="/usr/local/opt/coreutils/libexec/gnubin:$PATH"
export MANPATH="/usr/local/opt/coreutils/libexec/gnuman:$MANPATH"

我们需要一个启动代理，它将在每次登录时运行，并随时按需将这些变量加载到用户会话。我们还需要一个shell脚本来解析这些定义并构建由代理执行的必要命令。

在~/Library/LaunchAgents/目录下创建一个后缀为plist的文件(例如osx-env-sync.plist)，内容如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
  <key>Label</key>
  <string>osx-env-sync</string>
  <key>ProgramArguments</key>
  <array>
    <string>bash</string>
    <string>-l</string>
    <string>-c</string>
    <string>
      $HOME/.osx-env-sync.sh
    </string>
  </array>
  <key>RunAtLoad</key>
  <true/>
</dict>
</plist>

-l参数在这里很重要;使用登录shell执行shell脚本是必要的，以便~/。Bash_profile是在执行脚本之前首先获取的。

现在，shell脚本。在~/.osx-env-sync.sh中创建以下内容:

grep export $HOME/.bash_profile | while IFS=' =' read ignoreexport envvar ignorevalue; do
  launchctl setenv "${envvar}" "${!envvar}"
done

确保shell脚本是可执行的:

chmod +x ~/.osx-env-sync.sh

现在，加载当前会话的启动代理:

launchctl load ~/Library/LaunchAgents/osx-env-sync.plist

(重新)启动一个GUI应用程序并验证它可以读取环境变量。

设置是持久的。它将在重新启动和重新登录后仍然有效。

在初始设置之后(您刚刚完成了)，如果您想在~/中反映任何更改。Bash_profile再次到您的整个环境，重新运行launchctl load…命令不会执行你想要的;相反，你会得到如下警告:

< $ HOME > /图书馆/ LaunchAgents / osx-env-sync。plist:操作已经在进行中

为了在不退出/登录的情况下重新加载环境变量，请执行以下操作:

launchctl unload ~/Library/LaunchAgents/osx-env-sync.plist
launchctl load ~/Library/LaunchAgents/osx-env-sync.plist

最后，确保重新启动已经运行的应用程序(包括Terminal.app)，让它们知道这些更改。

我还将这里的代码和解释推送到GitHub项目:osx-env-sync。

我希望这将是最终的解决方案，至少对于最新版本的OS X (Yosemite & El Capitan)来说是这样。

/etc/launchd.conf在OS X v10.10 (Yosemite)、OS X v10.11 (El Capitan)、macOS v10.12 (Sierra)或macOS v10.13 (High Sierra)中不使用。

从launchctl手册页:

/etc/launchd.conf file is no longer consulted for subcommands to run during early boot time;
this functionality was removed for security considerations.

这个Ask Different answer中描述的方法适用于我(重启后):从Dock或Spotlight启动的应用程序继承了我在~/Library/LaunchAgents/my.startup.plist中设置的环境变量。(在我的例子中，我需要将LANG设置为en_US。UTF-8，用于Sublime Text插件。)

布鲁诺正在正确的轨道上。我已经做了大量的研究，如果你想设置在所有GUI应用程序中可用的变量，你唯一的选择是/etc/launchd.conf。

请注意环境。plist不适用于通过Spotlight启动的应用程序。这是由史蒂夫·塞克斯顿记录的。

Open a terminal prompt Type sudo vi /etc/launchd.conf (note: this file might not yet exist) Put contents like the following into the file # Set environment variables here so they are available globally to all apps # (and Terminal), including those launched via Spotlight. # # After editing this file run the following command from the terminal to update # environment variables globally without needing to reboot. # NOTE: You will still need to restart the relevant application (including # Terminal) to pick up the changes! # grep -E "^setenv" /etc/launchd.conf | xargs -t -L 1 launchctl # # See http://www.digitaledgesw.com/node/31 # and http://stackoverflow.com/questions/135688/setting-environment-variables-in-os-x/ # # Note that you must hardcode the paths below, don't use environment variables. # You also need to surround multiple values in quotes, see MAVEN_OPTS example below. # setenv JAVA_VERSION 1.6 setenv JAVA_HOME /System/Library/Frameworks/JavaVM.framework/Versions/1.6/Home setenv GROOVY_HOME /Applications/Dev/groovy setenv GRAILS_HOME /Applications/Dev/grails setenv NEXUS_HOME /Applications/Dev/nexus/nexus-webapp setenv JRUBY_HOME /Applications/Dev/jruby setenv ANT_HOME /Applications/Dev/apache-ant setenv ANT_OPTS -Xmx512M setenv MAVEN_OPTS "-Xmx1024M -XX:MaxPermSize=512m" setenv M2_HOME /Applications/Dev/apache-maven setenv JMETER_HOME /Applications/Dev/jakarta-jmeter Save your changes in vi and reboot your Mac. Or use the grep/xargs command which is shown in the code comment above. Prove that your variables are working by opening a Terminal window and typing export and you should see your new variables. These will also be available in IntelliJ IDEA and other GUI applications you launch via Spotlight.

虽然这里的答案并不是“错误的”，但我还要补充一点:永远不要在OS X中改变影响“所有进程”的环境变量，甚至在shell之外，也不要影响给定用户交互运行的所有进程。

In my experience, global changes to environment variables like PATH for all processes are even more likely to break things on OS X than on Windows. Reason being, lots of OS X applications and other software (including, perhaps especially, components of the OS itself) rely on UNIX command-line tools under the hood, and assume the behavior of the versions of these tools provided with the system, and don't necessarily use absolute paths when doing so (similar comments apply to dynamically-loaded libraries and DYLD_* environment variables). Consider, for instance, that the highest-rated answers to various Stack Overflow questions about replacing OS X-supplied versions of interpreters like Python and Ruby generally say "don't do this."

OS X is really no different than other UNIX-like operating systems (e.g., Linux, FreeBSD, and Solaris) in this respect; the most likely reason Apple doesn't provide an easy way to do this is because it breaks things. To the extent Windows isn't as prone to these problems, it's due to two things: (1) Windows software doesn't tend to rely on command-line tools to the extent that UNIX software does, and (2) Microsoft has had such an extensive history of both "DLL hell" and security problems caused by changes that affect all processes that they've changed the behavior of dynamic loading in newer Windows versions to limit the impact of "global" configuration options like PATH.

不管“蹩脚”与否，如果您将这些更改限制在较小的范围内，您将拥有一个更加稳定的系统。