我开始研究c++ 11的智能指针,我没有看到std::weak_ptr有任何有用的用途。有人能告诉我什么时候std::weak_ptr是有用的/必要的吗?


当前回答

除了其他已经提到的有效用例,std::weak_ptr在多线程环境中是一个很棒的工具,因为

它不拥有对象,因此不能妨碍在不同线程中删除 Std::shared_ptr与Std::weak_ptr结合在一起对悬空指针是安全的——与Std::unique_ptr与原始指针结合在一起相反 std::weak_ptr::lock()是一个原子操作(参见关于weak_ptr的线程安全)

考虑一个任务,将一个目录(~10.000)的所有图像同时加载到内存中(例如作为缩略图缓存)。显然,做到这一点的最佳方法是一个控制线程(处理和管理图像)和多个工作线程(加载图像)。这是一个简单的任务。这里是一个非常简化的实现(join()等被省略了,线程将不得不在一个真正的实现中被不同地处理等)

// a simplified class to hold the thumbnail and data
struct ImageData {
  std::string path;
  std::unique_ptr<YourFavoriteImageLibData> image;
};

// a simplified reader fn
void read( std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ImageData>> imagesToLoad ) {
   for( auto& imageData : imagesToLoad )
     imageData->image = YourFavoriteImageLib::load( imageData->path );
}

// a simplified manager
class Manager {
   std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ImageData>> m_imageDatas;
   std::vector<std::unique_ptr<std::thread>> m_threads;
public:
   void load( const std::string& folderPath ) {
      std::vector<std::string> imagePaths = readFolder( folderPath );
      m_imageDatas = createImageDatas( imagePaths );
      const unsigned numThreads = std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
      std::vector<std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ImageData>>> splitDatas = 
        splitImageDatas( m_imageDatas, numThreads );
      for( auto& dataRangeToLoad : splitDatas )
        m_threads.push_back( std::make_unique<std::thread>(read, dataRangeToLoad) );
   }
};

但是,如果你想中断图像的加载,例如,因为用户选择了一个不同的目录,它会变得复杂得多。或者即使你想毁掉经理。

在更改m_imageDatas字段之前,您需要线程通信并必须停止所有加载器线程。否则,加载器将继续加载,直到所有图像都完成—即使它们已经过时。在简化的示例中,这不会太难,但在实际环境中,事情可能要复杂得多。

The threads would probably be part of a thread pool used by multiple managers, of which some are being stopped, and some aren't etc. The simple parameter imagesToLoad would be a locked queue, into which those managers push their image requests from different control threads with the readers popping the requests - in an arbitrary order - at the other end. And so the communication becomes difficult, slow and error-prone. A very elegant way to avoid any additional communication in such cases is to use std::shared_ptr in conjunction with std::weak_ptr.

// a simplified reader fn
void read( std::vector<std::weak_ptr<ImageData>> imagesToLoad ) {
   for( auto& imageDataWeak : imagesToLoad ) {
     std::shared_ptr<ImageData> imageData = imageDataWeak.lock();
     if( !imageData )
        continue;
     imageData->image = YourFavoriteImageLib::load( imageData->path );
   }
}

// a simplified manager
class Manager {
   std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ImageData>> m_imageDatas;
   std::vector<std::unique_ptr<std::thread>> m_threads;
public:
   void load( const std::string& folderPath ) {
      std::vector<std::string> imagePaths = readFolder( folderPath );
      m_imageDatas = createImageDatas( imagePaths );
      const unsigned numThreads = std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
      std::vector<std::vector<std::weak_ptr<ImageData>>> splitDatas = 
        splitImageDatasToWeak( m_imageDatas, numThreads );
      for( auto& dataRangeToLoad : splitDatas )
        m_threads.push_back( std::make_unique<std::thread>(read, dataRangeToLoad) );
   }
};

此实现几乎与第一个实现一样简单,不需要任何额外的线程通信,并且可以在实际实现中作为线程池/队列的一部分。由于过期的图像被跳过,而未过期的图像被处理,因此在正常操作期间线程永远不必停止。 你总是可以安全地更改路径或销毁你的管理器,因为读取器fn检查,如果拥有的指针没有过期。

其他回答

除了其他已经提到的有效用例,std::weak_ptr在多线程环境中是一个很棒的工具,因为

它不拥有对象,因此不能妨碍在不同线程中删除 Std::shared_ptr与Std::weak_ptr结合在一起对悬空指针是安全的——与Std::unique_ptr与原始指针结合在一起相反 std::weak_ptr::lock()是一个原子操作(参见关于weak_ptr的线程安全)

考虑一个任务,将一个目录(~10.000)的所有图像同时加载到内存中(例如作为缩略图缓存)。显然,做到这一点的最佳方法是一个控制线程(处理和管理图像)和多个工作线程(加载图像)。这是一个简单的任务。这里是一个非常简化的实现(join()等被省略了,线程将不得不在一个真正的实现中被不同地处理等)

// a simplified class to hold the thumbnail and data
struct ImageData {
  std::string path;
  std::unique_ptr<YourFavoriteImageLibData> image;
};

// a simplified reader fn
void read( std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ImageData>> imagesToLoad ) {
   for( auto& imageData : imagesToLoad )
     imageData->image = YourFavoriteImageLib::load( imageData->path );
}

// a simplified manager
class Manager {
   std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ImageData>> m_imageDatas;
   std::vector<std::unique_ptr<std::thread>> m_threads;
public:
   void load( const std::string& folderPath ) {
      std::vector<std::string> imagePaths = readFolder( folderPath );
      m_imageDatas = createImageDatas( imagePaths );
      const unsigned numThreads = std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
      std::vector<std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ImageData>>> splitDatas = 
        splitImageDatas( m_imageDatas, numThreads );
      for( auto& dataRangeToLoad : splitDatas )
        m_threads.push_back( std::make_unique<std::thread>(read, dataRangeToLoad) );
   }
};

但是,如果你想中断图像的加载,例如,因为用户选择了一个不同的目录,它会变得复杂得多。或者即使你想毁掉经理。

在更改m_imageDatas字段之前,您需要线程通信并必须停止所有加载器线程。否则,加载器将继续加载,直到所有图像都完成—即使它们已经过时。在简化的示例中,这不会太难,但在实际环境中,事情可能要复杂得多。

The threads would probably be part of a thread pool used by multiple managers, of which some are being stopped, and some aren't etc. The simple parameter imagesToLoad would be a locked queue, into which those managers push their image requests from different control threads with the readers popping the requests - in an arbitrary order - at the other end. And so the communication becomes difficult, slow and error-prone. A very elegant way to avoid any additional communication in such cases is to use std::shared_ptr in conjunction with std::weak_ptr.

// a simplified reader fn
void read( std::vector<std::weak_ptr<ImageData>> imagesToLoad ) {
   for( auto& imageDataWeak : imagesToLoad ) {
     std::shared_ptr<ImageData> imageData = imageDataWeak.lock();
     if( !imageData )
        continue;
     imageData->image = YourFavoriteImageLib::load( imageData->path );
   }
}

// a simplified manager
class Manager {
   std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ImageData>> m_imageDatas;
   std::vector<std::unique_ptr<std::thread>> m_threads;
public:
   void load( const std::string& folderPath ) {
      std::vector<std::string> imagePaths = readFolder( folderPath );
      m_imageDatas = createImageDatas( imagePaths );
      const unsigned numThreads = std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
      std::vector<std::vector<std::weak_ptr<ImageData>>> splitDatas = 
        splitImageDatasToWeak( m_imageDatas, numThreads );
      for( auto& dataRangeToLoad : splitDatas )
        m_threads.push_back( std::make_unique<std::thread>(read, dataRangeToLoad) );
   }
};

此实现几乎与第一个实现一样简单,不需要任何额外的线程通信,并且可以在实际实现中作为线程池/队列的一部分。由于过期的图像被跳过,而未过期的图像被处理,因此在正常操作期间线程永远不必停止。 你总是可以安全地更改路径或销毁你的管理器,因为读取器fn检查,如果拥有的指针没有过期。

受到@offirmo回复的启发,我写了这段代码,然后运行visual studio诊断工具:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <memory>

using namespace std;

struct Member;
struct Team;

struct Member {
    int x = 0;

    Member(int xArg) {
        x = xArg;
    }

    shared_ptr<Team> teamPointer;
};

struct Team {
    vector<shared_ptr<Member>> members;
};

void foo() {
    auto t1 = make_shared<Team>();
    for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
        t1->members.push_back(make_shared<Member>(i));
        t1->members.back()->teamPointer = t1;
    }
}

int main() {
    foo();

    while (1);

    return 0;
}

当指向团队的成员指针是shared_ptr teamPointer时,在foo()完成后内存就没有空闲了,即它停留在150mb左右。

但是如果在诊断工具中将其更改为weak_ptr teamPointer,您将看到一个峰值,然后内存使用量恢复到大约2MB。

Weak_ptr也可以很好地检查对象的正确删除——特别是在单元测试中。典型的用例可能是这样的:

std::weak_ptr<X> weak_x{ shared_x };
shared_x.reset();
BOOST_CHECK(weak_x.lock());
... //do something that should remove all other copies of shared_x and hence destroy x
BOOST_CHECK(!weak_x.lock());

Here's one example, given to me by @jleahy: Suppose you have a collection of tasks, executed asynchronously, and managed by an std::shared_ptr<Task>. You may want to do something with those tasks periodically, so a timer event may traverse a std::vector<std::weak_ptr<Task>> and give the tasks something to do. However, simultaneously a task may have concurrently decided that it is no longer needed and die. The timer can thus check whether the task is still alive by making a shared pointer from the weak pointer and using that shared pointer, provided it isn't null.

Shared_ptr:保存真实对象。

weak_ptr:使用lock连接到真正的所有者,否则返回NULL shared_ptr。

大致来说,weak_ptr角色类似于房屋中介的角色。如果没有中介,要想租到房子,我们可能得在城里随机找房子。中介会确保我们只去那些还能租到的房子。