我正在尽最大努力理解JavaScript闭包。
通过返回一个内部函数，它可以访问直接父函数中定义的任何变量。
这对我有什么用?也许我还没完全搞清楚。我在网上看到的大多数示例都没有提供任何真实的代码，只是一些模糊的示例。
有人能告诉我一个闭包的真实用法吗?
比如这个吗?
var warnUser = function (msg) {
var calledCount = 0;
return function() {
calledCount++;
alert(msg + '\nYou have been warned ' + calledCount + ' times.');
};
};
var warnForTamper = warnUser('You can not tamper with our HTML.');
warnForTamper();
warnForTamper();
当前回答
你举的例子很好。闭包是一种抽象机制，允许您非常清晰地分离关注点。您的示例是将插装(计数调用)与语义(错误报告API)分离的例子。其他用途包括:
Passing parameterised behaviour into an algorithm (classic higher-order programming): function proximity_sort(arr, midpoint) { arr.sort(function(a, b) { a -= midpoint; b -= midpoint; return a*a - b*b; }); } Simulating object oriented programming: function counter() { var a = 0; return { inc: function() { ++a; }, dec: function() { --a; }, get: function() { return a; }, reset: function() { a = 0; } } } Implementing exotic flow control, such as jQuery's Event handling and AJAX APIs.
其他回答
参考:闭包的实际使用
在实践中，闭包可以创建优雅的设计，允许自定义各种计算、延迟调用、回调、创建封装的作用域等。
一个例子是数组的sort方法，它接受sort条件函数作为参数:
[1, 2, 3].sort(function (a, b) {
... // Sort conditions
});
将函数函数映射为数组的map方法，它根据函数参数的条件映射一个新数组:
[1, 2, 3].map(function (element) {
return element * 2;
}); // [2, 4, 6]
通常，通过使用函数参数定义几乎无限的搜索条件来实现搜索函数是很方便的:
someCollection.find(function (element) {
return element.someProperty == 'searchCondition';
});
此外，我们可能会注意到应用函数，例如，forEach方法将函数应用于元素数组:
[1, 2, 3].forEach(function (element) {
if (element % 2 != 0) {
alert(element);
}
}); // 1, 3
函数应用于实参(在apply中应用于实参列表，在call中应用于定位实参):
(function () {
alert([].join.call(arguments, ';')); // 1;2;3
}).apply(this, [1, 2, 3]);
延迟调用:
var a = 10;
setTimeout(function () {
alert(a); // 10, after one second
}, 1000);
回调函数:
var x = 10;
// Only for example
xmlHttpRequestObject.onreadystatechange = function () {
// Callback, which will be called deferral ,
// when data will be ready;
// variable "x" here is available,
// regardless that context in which,
// it was created already finished
alert(x); // 10
};
创建一个用于隐藏辅助对象的封装作用域:
var foo = {};
(function (object) {
var x = 10;
object.getX = function _getX() {
return x;
};
})(foo);
alert(foo.getX()); // Get closured "x" – 10
这个帖子极大地帮助我更好地理解闭包是如何工作的。
从那以后，我自己做了一些实验，并提出了这个相当简单的代码，它可能会帮助其他人了解如何以实际的方式使用闭包，以及如何在不同的级别上使用闭包来维护类似于静态和/或全局变量的变量，而不会有它们被覆盖或与全局变量混淆的风险。
这将跟踪按钮点击，无论是在本地级别上的每个按钮，还是在全局级别上的每个按钮，计算每个按钮的点击，为单个数字做出贡献。请注意，我没有使用任何全局变量来完成此操作，这是练习的要点—拥有一个可以应用于任何按钮的处理程序，该按钮也对全局具有贡献。
专家们，如果我在这里犯了什么错误，请告诉我!我自己也在学习这些东西。
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Closures on button presses</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
window.addEventListener("load" , function () {
/*
Grab the function from the first closure,
and assign to a temporary variable
this will set the totalButtonCount variable
that is used to count the total of all button clicks
*/
var buttonHandler = buttonsCount();
/*
Using the result from the first closure (a function is returned)
assign and run the sub closure that carries the
individual variable for button count and assign to the click handlers
*/
document.getElementById("button1").addEventListener("click" , buttonHandler() );
document.getElementById("button2").addEventListener("click" , buttonHandler() );
document.getElementById("button3").addEventListener("click" , buttonHandler() );
// Now that buttonHandler has served its purpose it can be deleted if needs be
buttonHandler = null;
});
function buttonsCount() {
/*
First closure level
- totalButtonCount acts as a sort of global counter to count any button presses
*/
var totalButtonCount = 0;
return function () {
// Second closure level
var myButtonCount = 0;
return function (event) {
// Actual function that is called on the button click
event.preventDefault();
/*
Increment the button counts.
myButtonCount only exists in the scope that is
applied to each event handler and therefore acts
to count each button individually, whereas because
of the first closure totalButtonCount exists at
the scope just outside, it maintains a sort
of static or global variable state
*/
totalButtonCount++;
myButtonCount++;
/*
Do something with the values ... fairly pointless
but it shows that each button contributes to both
its own variable and the outer variable in the
first closure
*/
console.log("Total button clicks: "+totalButtonCount);
console.log("This button count: "+myButtonCount);
}
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<a href="#" id="button1">Button 1</a>
<a href="#" id="button2">Button 2</a>
<a href="#" id="button3">Button 3</a>
</body>
</html>
我正在尝试学习闭包，我认为我创建的示例是一个实际的用例。您可以运行一个代码片段并在控制台中查看结果。
我们有两个不同的用户，他们拥有不同的数据。它们中的每一个都可以看到实际的状态并进行更新。
function createUserWarningData(user) { const data = { name: user, numberOfWarnings: 0, }; function addWarning() { data.numberOfWarnings = data.numberOfWarnings + 1; } function getUserData() { console.log(data); return data; } return { getUserData: getUserData, addWarning: addWarning, }; } const user1 = createUserWarningData("Thomas"); const user2 = createUserWarningData("Alex"); //USER 1 user1.getUserData(); // Returning data user object user1.addWarning(); // Add one warning to specific user user1.getUserData(); // Returning data user object //USER2 user2.getUserData(); // Returning data user object user2.addWarning(); // Add one warning to specific user user2.addWarning(); // Add one warning to specific user user2.getUserData(); // Returning data user object
这里我有一个闭包概念的简单例子，我们可以在我们的电子商务网站或其他许多网站上使用它。
我正在添加示例的JSFiddle链接。它包含一个由三种商品组成的小产品清单和一个购物车柜台。
JSFiddle
// Counter closure implemented function; var CartCouter = function(){ var counter = 0; function changeCounter(val){ counter += val } return { increment: function(){ changeCounter(1); }, decrement: function(){ changeCounter(-1); }, value: function(){ return counter; } } } var cartCount = CartCouter(); function updateCart() { document.getElementById('cartcount').innerHTML = cartCount.value(); } var productlist = document.getElementsByClassName('item'); for(var i = 0; i< productlist.length; i++){ productlist[i].addEventListener('click', function(){ if(this.className.indexOf('selected') < 0){ this.className += " selected"; cartCount.increment(); updateCart(); } else{ this.className = this.className.replace("selected", ""); cartCount.decrement(); updateCart(); } }) } .productslist{ padding: 10px; } ul li{ display: inline-block; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid #DDD; text-align: center; width: 25%; cursor: pointer; } .selected{ background-color: #7CFEF0; color: #333; } .cartdiv{ position: relative; float: right; padding: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #F1F1F1; } <div> <h3> Practical use of a JavaScript closure concept/private variable. </h3> <div class="cartdiv"> <span id="cartcount">0</span> </div> <div class="productslist"> <ul> <li class="item">Product 1</li> <li class="item">Product 2</li> <li class="item">Product 3</li> </ul> </div> </div>
你举的例子很好。闭包是一种抽象机制，允许您非常清晰地分离关注点。您的示例是将插装(计数调用)与语义(错误报告API)分离的例子。其他用途包括:
Passing parameterised behaviour into an algorithm (classic higher-order programming): function proximity_sort(arr, midpoint) { arr.sort(function(a, b) { a -= midpoint; b -= midpoint; return a*a - b*b; }); } Simulating object oriented programming: function counter() { var a = 0; return { inc: function() { ++a; }, dec: function() { --a; }, get: function() { return a; }, reset: function() { a = 0; } } } Implementing exotic flow control, such as jQuery's Event handling and AJAX APIs.
