我注意到Linux内核代码使用bool类型，但我以为bool类型是c++类型。bool是标准的C扩展名(例如，ISO C90)还是GCC扩展名?

如何在c#中做“内联函数”?我想我不明白这个概念。它们像匿名方法吗?比如函数?

注意:答案几乎完全涉及内联函数的能力，即。用被调用者的主体替换函数调用站点的手册或编译器优化。如果你对匿名(又名lambda)函数感兴趣，请参阅@jalf的回答或每个人都在谈论的“lambda”是什么?

这个问题是由我的另一个问题:如何在cdef等待?

网络上有大量关于asyncio的文章和博客文章，但它们都非常肤浅。我找不到任何关于asyncio实际是如何实现的，以及什么使I/O异步的信息。我试图阅读源代码，但它有数千行不是最高级的C代码，其中很多处理辅助对象，但最重要的是，它很难将Python语法和它将转换成的C代码联系起来。

Asycnio自己的文档就更没有帮助了。这里没有关于它如何工作的信息，只有一些关于如何使用它的指南，这些指南有时也会误导/写得很糟糕。

我熟悉Go的协程实现，并希望Python也能做同样的事情。如果是这样的话，我在上面链接的帖子中出现的代码应该是有效的。既然它没有，我现在正试图找出原因。到目前为止，我最好的猜测如下，请纠正我的错误:

Procedure definitions of the form async def foo(): ... are actually interpreted as methods of a class inheriting coroutine. Perhaps, async def is actually split into multiple methods by await statements, where the object, on which these methods are called is able to keep track of the progress it made through the execution so far. If the above is true, then, essentially, execution of a coroutine boils down to calling methods of coroutine object by some global manager (loop?). The global manager is somehow (how?) aware of when I/O operations are performed by Python (only?) code and is able to choose one of the pending coroutine methods to execute after the current executing method relinquished control (hit on the await statement).

换句话说，这是我试图将一些asyncio语法“糖化”成更容易理解的东西:

async def coro(name):
    print('before', name)
    await asyncio.sleep()
    print('after', name)

asyncio.gather(coro('first'), coro('second'))

# translated from async def coro(name)
class Coro(coroutine):
    def before(self, name):
        print('before', name)

    def after(self, name):
        print('after', name)

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
        self.parts = self.before, self.after
        self.pos = 0

    def __call__():
        self.parts[self.pos](self.name)
        self.pos += 1

    def done(self):
        return self.pos == len(self.parts)


# translated from asyncio.gather()
class AsyncIOManager:

    def gather(*coros):
        while not every(c.done() for c in coros):
            coro = random.choice(coros)
            coro()

Should my guess prove correct: then I have a problem. How does I/O actually happen in this scenario? In a separate thread? Is the whole interpreter suspended and I/O happens outside the interpreter? What exactly is meant by I/O? If my python procedure called C open() procedure, and it in turn sent interrupt to kernel, relinquishing control to it, how does Python interpreter know about this and is able to continue running some other code, while kernel code does the actual I/O and until it wakes up the Python procedure which sent the interrupt originally? How can Python interpreter in principle, be aware of this happening?

我有一个功能正常的Rails 3应用程序，使用has_many:通过关联，这不是，因为我把它重新制作为Rails 4应用程序，让我保存id从相关的模型在Rails 4版本。

这是三个相关的模型是相同的两个版本。

Categorization.rb

class Categorization < ActiveRecord::Base

  belongs_to :question
  belongs_to :category
end

Question.rb

has_many :categorizations
has_many :categories, through: :categorizations

Category.rb

has_many :categorizations
has_many :questions, through: :categorizations

在两个应用中，类别id都像这样传递到创建动作中

  "question"=>{"question_content"=>"How do you spell car?", "question_details"=>"blah ", "category_ids"=>["", "2"],

在Rails 3应用程序中，当我创建一个新问题时，它会插入到问题表中，然后插入到分类表中

 SQL (82.1ms)  INSERT INTO "questions" ("accepted_answer_id", "city", "created_at", "details", "province", "province_id", "question", "updated_at", "user_id") VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)  [["accepted_answer_id", nil], ["city", "dd"], ["created_at", Tue, 14 May 2013 17:10:25 UTC +00:00], ["details", "greyound?"], ["province", nil], ["province_id", 2], ["question", "Whos' the biggest dog in the world"], ["updated_at", Tue, 14 May 2013 17:10:25 UTC +00:00], ["user_id", 53]]
  SQL (0.4ms)  INSERT INTO "categorizations" ("category_id", "created_at", "question_id", "updated_at") VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)  [["category_id", 2], ["created_at", Tue, 14 May 2013 17:10:25 UTC +00:00], ["question_id", 66], ["updated_at", Tue, 14 May 2013 17:10:25 UTC +00:00]]

在rails 4应用程序中，在它处理questioncontroller# create中的参数后，我在服务器日志中得到这个错误

Unpermitted parameters: category_ids

问题只是被插入到问题表中

 (0.2ms)  BEGIN
  SQL (67.6ms)  INSERT INTO "questions" ("city", "created_at", "province_id", "question_content", "question_details", "updated_at", "user_id") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7) RETURNING "id"  [["city", "dd"], ["created_at", Tue, 14 May 2013 17:17:53 UTC +00:00], ["province_id", 3], ["question_content", "How's your car?"], ["question_details", "is it runnign"], ["updated_at", Tue, 14 May 2013 17:17:53 UTC +00:00], ["user_id", 12]]
   (31.9ms)  COMMIT

虽然我没有在Questions模型中存储category_ids，但我将category_ids设置为questions_controller中的一个允许参数

   def question_params

      params.require(:question).permit(:question_details, :question_content, :user_id, :accepted_answer_id, :province_id, :city, :category_ids)
    end

有人能解释一下我应该如何保存category_ids吗?注意，在categorories_controller中没有创建动作。任意一个应用程序的Rb。

这三个表在两个应用中是一样的

 create_table "questions", force: true do |t|
    t.text     "question_details"
    t.string   "question_content"
    t.integer  "user_id"
    t.integer  "accepted_answer_id"
    t.datetime "created_at"
    t.datetime "updated_at"
    t.integer  "province_id"
    t.string   "city"
  end

 create_table "categories", force: true do |t|
    t.string   "name"
    t.datetime "created_at"
    t.datetime "updated_at"
  end

  create_table "categorizations", force: true do |t|
    t.integer  "category_id"
    t.integer  "question_id"
    t.datetime "created_at"
    t.datetime "updated_at"
  end

更新

这是Rails 3应用程序的创建操作

  def create
      @question = Question.new(params[:question])
      respond_to do |format|
      if @question.save
        format.html { redirect_to @question, notice: 'Question was successfully created.' }
        format.json { render json: @question, status: :created, location: @question }
      else
        format.html { render action: "new" }
        format.json { render json: @question.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity }
      end
    end
end

这是Rails 4应用程序的创建操作

   def create
      @question = Question.new(question_params)

       respond_to do |format|
      if @question.save
        format.html { redirect_to @question, notice: 'Question was successfully created.' }
        format.json { render json: @question, status: :created, location: @question }
      else
        format.html { render action: "new" }
        format.json { render json: @question.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity }
      end
    end
    end

这是question_params方法

 private
    def question_params 
      params.require(:question).permit(:question_details, :question_content, :user_id, :accepted_answer_id, :province_id, :city, :category_ids)
    end

可能的重复: *.h或*.hpp用于类定义 正确的c++代码文件扩展名?.cc vs .cpp

我曾经认为它是这样的:

.h文件是C和c++的头文件，通常只包含声明。 . C文件是C的源代码。 .cpp文件是c++源代码(也可以是C源代码)。

然后出现了。hpp、。cc和。cxx这样的文件，我完全搞糊涂了……它们之间有什么区别?什么时候使用“新的”?

用C语言求一个整数的幂的最有效方法是什么?

// 2^3
pow(2,3) == 8

// 5^5
pow(5,5) == 3125

是否有可能从Dockerfile构建镜像，并使用一个命令运行它? docker build命令用于构建Dockerfile, docker run -it命令用于运行映像。

是否存在这两个命令的组合，以使仅使用一个命令就可以更容易地构建和运行?

我知道基于cookie的身份验证。SSL和HttpOnly标志可以应用于保护基于cookie的身份验证不受MITM和XSS的影响。然而，为了保护它不受CSRF的影响，还需要采取更多的特殊措施。它们只是有点复杂。(参考)

最近，我发现JSON Web Token (JWT)作为一种身份验证解决方案非常热门。我了解编码、解码和验证JWT的知识。然而，我不明白为什么有些网站/教程告诉我们，如果使用JWT，就不需要CSRF保护。我已经阅读了很多，并试图总结以下问题。我只是希望有人能提供一个关于JWT的更大的图景，并澄清我对JWT的误解。

If the JWT is stored in a cookie, I think it is the same as cookie-based authentication except that the server does not need to have sessions to verify the cookie/token. There is still a risk of CSRF if no special measure is implemented. Isn't JWT stored in a cookie? If the JWT is stored in localStorage/sessionStorage, then there is no cookie involved so don't need to protect against CSRF. The question is how to send the JWT to the server. I found here that it is suggested to use jQuery to send the JWT by HTTP header of ajax requests. So, only the ajax requests can do the authentication? Also, I found one more blog that points to use "Authorization header" and "Bearer" to send the JWT. I don't understand the method the blog talks about. Could someone please explain more about "Authorization header" and "Bearer"? Does this make the JWT transmitted by HTTP header of ALL requests? If yes, what about CSRF?

具体来说，为什么它会帮助修复一个永久生成出内存错误问题?

此外，对一个指向我的JVM参数文档的答案的加分…

我运行下面的sql脚本在我的数据库:

create table cities (
id serial primary key,
name text not null
);

create table reports (
id serial primary key,
cityid integer not null references cities(id),
reportdate date not null,
reporttext text not null
);

create user www with password 'www';

grant select on cities to www;
grant insert on cities to www;
grant delete on cities to www;

grant select on reports to www;
grant insert on reports to www;
grant delete on reports to www;

grant select on cities_id_seq to www;
grant insert on cities_id_seq to www;
grant delete on cities_id_seq to www;

grant select on reports_id_seq to www;
grant insert on reports_id_seq to www;
grant delete on reports_id_seq to www;

当用户www试图:

insert into cities (name) values ('London');

我得到以下错误:

ERROR: permission denied for sequence cities_id_seq

我知道问题出在连续类型上。这就是为什么我将*_id_seq的选择、插入和删除权限授予www。但这并不能解决我的问题。我错过了什么?