如果数字的范围是有限的(只能有2个8位数，或者只有10个不同的8位数)，那么你可以编写一个优化的排序算法。但如果你想对所有可能的8位数进行排序，这在内存那么少的情况下是不可能的。

我想试试基数树。如果可以将数据存储在树中，那么就可以执行顺序遍历来传输数据。

我不确定你是否能把它装进1MB，但我认为值得一试。

If the numbers are evenly distributed we can use Counting sort. We should keep the number of times that each number is repeated in an array. Available space is: 1 MB - 3 KB = 1045504 B or 8364032 bits Number of bits per number= 8364032/1000000 = 8 Therefore, we can store the number of times each number is repeated to the maximum of 2^8-1=255. Using this approach we have an extra 364032 bits unused that can be used to handle cases where a number is repeated more than 255 times. For example we can say a number 255 indicates a repetition greater than or equal to 255. In this case we should store a sequence of numbers+repetitions. We can handle 7745 special cases as shown bellow:

364032/(表示每个数字所需的位数+表示100万所需的位数)= 364032 / (27+20)=7745

如果我们对这些数字一无所知，我们就会受到以下约束:

我们需要在排序之前加载所有的数字， 这组数字是不可压缩的。

如果这些假设成立，则无法执行您的任务，因为您将需要至少26,575,425位的存储空间(3,321,929字节)。

你能跟我们说说你的数据吗?

到目前为止，这里还没有提到一个相当狡猾的技巧。我们假设您没有额外的方法来存储数据，但严格来说这并不正确。

解决问题的一种方法是做以下可怕的事情，任何人在任何情况下都不应该尝试:使用网络流量存储数据。不，我指的不是NAS。

你可以用以下方法对只有几个字节内存的数字进行排序:

首先取两个变量:COUNTER和VALUE。 首先将所有寄存器设置为0; 每次你收到一个整数I，增加COUNTER并将VALUE设置为max(VALUE, I); 然后向路由器发送数据集为I的ICMP echo请求报文。擦掉I，重复。 每次收到返回的ICMP包时，只需提取整数并在另一个回显请求中再次发送出去。这将产生大量的ICMP请求，其中包含整数。

Once COUNTER reaches 1000000, you have all of the values stored in the incessant stream of ICMP requests, and VALUE now contains the maximum integer. Pick some threshold T >> 1000000. Set COUNTER to zero. Every time you receive an ICMP packet, increment COUNTER and send the contained integer I back out in another echo request, unless I=VALUE, in which case transmit it to the destination for the sorted integers. Once COUNTER=T, decrement VALUE by 1, reset COUNTER to zero and repeat. Once VALUE reaches zero you should have transmitted all integers in order from largest to smallest to the destination, and have only used about 47 bits of RAM for the two persistent variables (and whatever small amount you need for the temporary values).

我知道这很可怕，我知道可能会有各种各样的实际问题，但我想这可能会让你们中的一些人发笑，或者至少会吓到你们。

诀窍是将算法状态表示为“增量计数器”=“+”和“输出计数器”=“!”字符的压缩流，这是一个整数多集。例如，集合{0,3,3,4}将被表示为“!+++!!+!”，后面跟着任意数量的“+”字符。要修改多集，您可以输出字符，每次只保持恒定的解压缩量，并在以压缩形式流回之前进行适当的更改。

细节

我们知道最终集合中恰好有10^6个数字，所以最多有10^6个“!”字符。我们还知道我们的范围大小为10^8，这意味着最多有10^8个“+”字符。10^6 "的排列方式!s在10^8 "+"s中的值是(10^8 + 10^6)选10^6，因此指定某种特定的排列需要大约0.965 MiB '的数据。那太紧了。

我们可以独立对待每个角色而不超出我们的配额。“+”字符正好是“!”字符的100倍，如果我们忘记了它们是相互依赖的，那么每个字符是“+”的概率就简化为100:1。100:101的几率对应于每个字符0.08位，对于几乎相同的~0.965 MiB(忽略依赖关系在这种情况下只有~12位的代价!)

The simplest technique for storing independent characters with known prior probability is Huffman coding. Note that we need an impractically large tree (A huffman tree for blocks of 10 characters has an average cost per block of about 2.4 bits, for a total of ~2.9 Mib. A huffman tree for blocks of 20 characters has an average cost per block of about 3 bits, which is a total of ~1.8 MiB. We're probably going to need a block of size on the order of a hundred, implying more nodes in our tree than all the computer equipment that has ever existed can store.). However, ROM is technically "free" according to the problem and practical solutions that take advantage of the regularity in the tree will look essentially the same.

伪代码

Have a sufficiently large huffman tree (or similar block-by-block compression data) stored in ROM Start with a compressed string of 10^8 "+" characters. To insert the number N, stream out the compressed string until N "+" characters have gone past then insert a "!". Stream the recompressed string back over the previous one as you go, keeping a constant amount of buffered blocks to avoid over/under-runs. Repeat one million times: [input, stream decompress>insert>compress], then decompress to output