TLDR:它们是等价的Error(x) === new Error(x)。

// this:
const x = Error('I was created using a function call!');
​​​​// has the same functionality as this:
const y = new Error('I was constructed via the "new" keyword!');

来源:https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error

throw和throw Error函数是等价的。但是当你捕获它们并将它们序列化到console.log时，它们的序列化方式并不完全相同:

throw 'Parameter is not a number!';
throw new Error('Parameter is not a number!');
throw Error('Parameter is not a number!');

Console.log(e)将产生2个不同的结果:

Parameter is not a number!
Error: Parameter is not a number!
Error: Parameter is not a number!

这是相当古老的，但希望任何搜索它的人仍然可以从中学到东西:

首先，在javascript中，我们有一个叫做原始包装器的东西;原语包装器接受原语数据，并通过简单地使用“构造函数模式”以对象格式表示它。不过，在原语包装器中，您可以决定将数据作为对象类型返回，也可以将其作为原语类型返回(在这种情况下，您现在得到了一个让javascript提取原语值的go-ahead命令，在这种情况下，您不使用new关键字)。

总而言之:

throw "My error": this creates an Error object and returns the primitive data extracted from the constructor "this" object. And if you try checking the typeof in the catch block, it tells you its a primitive typeof "string" throw new Error("My error"): this returns you an object where you can access the error value from the message property. What simply happens here is that the "new keyword" constructs a "this" object and assign "{name:"Error",message:"..."}" to it and returns it. And when you try to check the typeof from the catch block, you will see a typeof "object".

注意:在显式地将自定义对象传递给throw的情况下，它的行为就像使用new关键字调用构造函数一样，因此，catch块将返回自定义对象而不是消息属性值。例如:throw {name:"RangeError"，message:"range is out of scope"，environment:" occurred in testing function"}。

总之，使用任何适合你的东西，你知道你在做什么。但对于我来说，如果我不需要太多的数据，而只是需要错误，那么我就使用原始返回器。

The Error class includes debugging information (as properties of its instances), such as the error's call stack. JS interpreters know how to serialise those properties into an informative error message string, and they can also be consumed by debugging software - such as browser dev tools - to construct a more informative GUI representation of the error. This is why it's generally more useful to throw an instance of the Error class rather than simply throwing, for example, a string describing the error, or a number representing an error code.

使用自定义错误

特别有用的是创建自己的Error子类，它允许您使用描述性名称和机器可读的惟一标识不同类型的错误……

调试线索， 信息，以便更好地面向用户的错误消息，或者 帮助从错误中恢复的信息。

然后，在处理错误时，可以使用简洁的instanceof操作符来检查发生了什么类型的错误。例如:

class ShoesTooBig extends Error {}

class DangerousWaterCurrent extends Error {
    constructor(waterSpeed){
        super(`These waters are moving at ${waterSpeed} metres per second - too fast to cross!`) // Provide a `message` argument to the Error() constructor
        this.waterSpeed = waterSpeed // This passes some context about why/how the error occurred back to whichever function is going to catch & handle it
    }
}

// ...later...

try {
    swimAcrossRiver(footwear, river)
} catch (thrownValue) {
    if (thrownValue instanceof DangerousWaterCurrent) {
        constructDam(river, thrownValue.waterSpeed)
    } else {
        throw thrownValue // "Re-throw" the error back up the execution chain, for someone else to handle
    }
}

new Error() vs Error()

There is a "convenient" shorthand way to make an instance of Error: by calling Error(message), instead of new Error(message), the way you'd make an instance of a normal class. This is a deliberate exception, inserted by the language designers, to the rule. There are similar shorthands for other in-language classes, like Number() and String(). They also let you call these classes with () as if they were functions, not classes. JS doesn't allow normal classes to do this, even though they're all actually functions under the syntactical sugar of "classes". Try in a REPL:

> class E extends Error {}
undefined
> Error(); 'a value'
"a value"
> E(); 'a value'
Uncaught TypeError: Class constructor E cannot be invoked without 'new'
    at <anonymous>:2:1

就我个人而言，我认为这个决定是错误的，因为它为JavaScript规则添加了更多的例外。而不是c++ /Java的new关键字，简单地调用一个类，就好像它是一个函数(如在Number("abc123")))应该执行类的构造函数，并将其绑定到实例，就像通常发生的new关键字一样(这是Python的语法工作方式，它最终更易于阅读和方便)。

下面的文章可能会更详细地说明哪个是更好的选择;throw 'An error'或throw new error ('An error'):

http://www.nczonline.net/blog/2009/03/10/the-art-of-throwing-javascript-errors-part-2/

它表明后者(new Error())更可靠，因为像Internet Explorer和Safari(不确定版本)这样的浏览器在使用前者时不能正确地报告消息。

这样做将导致抛出错误，但并非所有浏览器都以您期望的方式响应。Firefox, Opera和Chrome都显示一个“未捕获的异常”消息，然后包含消息字符串。Safari和Internet Explorer只是抛出一个“未捕获的异常”错误，根本不提供消息字符串。显然，从调试的角度来看，这是次优的。

的反应行为

除了其他的答案，我还想说明React的一个不同之处。

如果我抛出一个新的Error()，并且我处于开发模式，我将得到一个错误屏幕和一个控制台日志。如果我抛出一个字符串字面量，我只会在控制台中看到它，如果我没有观察控制台日志，可能会错过它。

例子

在开发模式下向控制台抛出错误日志并显示错误屏幕(在生产环境中不可见)。

throw new Error("The application could not authenticate.");

而下面的代码只能登录到控制台:

throw "The application could not authenticate.";

Throw something对对象和字符串都有效。但是它比另一种方法更不受支持。throw new Error("")将只对字符串起作用，并在catch块中将对象转化为无用的[Object obj]。