使用外键的原因:

you won't get Orphaned Rows you can get nice "on delete cascade" behavior, automatically cleaning up tables knowing about the relationships between tables in the database helps the Optimizer plan your queries for most efficient execution, since it is able to get better estimates on join cardinality. FKs give a pretty big hint on what statistics are most important to collect on the database, which in turn leads to better performance they enable all kinds of auto-generated support -- ORMs can generate themselves, visualization tools will be able to create nice schema layouts for you, etc. someone new to the project will get into the flow of things faster since otherwise implicit relationships are explicitly documented

不使用外键的原因:

you are making the DB work extra on every CRUD operation because it has to check FK consistency. This can be a big cost if you have a lot of churn by enforcing relationships, FKs specify an order in which you have to add/delete things, which can lead to refusal by the DB to do what you want. (Granted, in such cases, what you are trying to do is create an Orphaned Row, and that's not usually a good thing). This is especially painful when you are doing large batch updates, and you load up one table before another, with the second table creating consistent state (but should you be doing that sort of thing if there is a possibility that the second load fails and your database is now inconsistent?). sometimes you know beforehand your data is going to be dirty, you accept that, and you want the DB to accept it you are just being lazy :-)

我认为(我不确定!)大多数已建立的数据库都提供了一种指定外键的方法，这种方法不是强制的，只是一些元数据。由于不强制执行消除了不使用fk的所有理由，如果第二部分中的任何理由适用，您可能应该走那条路。

“它们会使删除记录变得更加麻烦——你不能删除“主”记录，而其他表中的记录中有外键会违反这种约束。”

重要的是要记住，SQL标准定义了删除或更新外键时所采取的操作。 我所知道的是:

ON DELETE RESTRICT - Prevents any rows in the other table that have keys in this column from being deleted. This is what Ken Ray described above. ON DELETE CASCADE - If a row in the other table is deleted, delete any rows in this table that reference it. ON DELETE SET DEFAULT - If a row in the other table is deleted, set any foreign keys referencing it to the column's default. ON DELETE SET NULL - If a row in the other table is deleted, set any foreign keys referencing it in this table to null. ON DELETE NO ACTION - This foreign key only marks that it is a foreign key; namely for use in OR mappers.

这些相同的操作也适用于ON UPDATE。

默认值似乎取决于您使用的sql server。

我同意前面的答案，因为它们对维护数据一致性很有用。然而，Jeff Atwood几周前发表了一篇有趣的文章，讨论了规范化和一致性数据的利弊。

简而言之，在处理大量数据时，非规范化数据库可以更快;你可能不关心精确的一致性取决于应用程序，但它迫使你在处理数据时更加小心，因为DB不会。

我一直认为不用它们是懒惰的表现。我被教导应该一直这样做。但后来，我没有听乔尔的讨论。他也许有充分的理由，我不知道。

外键对于任何关系数据库模型都是必不可少的。

在DB2中，如果使用mqt(物化查询表)，优化器需要外键约束才能为任何给定的查询选择正确的计划。由于元数据包含基数信息，优化器会大量使用元数据来决定是否使用MQT。