“在添加记录之前，检查对应的记录是否存在于另一个表中”是业务逻辑。

这里有一些你不希望在数据库中使用它的原因:

If the business rules change, you have to change the database. The database will need to recreate the index in a lot of cases and this is slow on large tables. (Changing rules include: allow guests to post messages or allow users to delete their account despite having posted comments, etc). Changing the database is not as easy as deploying a software fix by pushing the changes to the production repository. We want to avoid changing the database structure as much as possible. The more business logic there is in the database the more you increase the chances of needing to change the databae (and triggering re-indexing). TDD. In unit tests you can substitute the database for mocks and test the functionality. If you have any business logic in your database, you are not doing complete tests and would need to either test with the database or replicate the business logic in code for testing purposes, duplicating the logic and increasing the likelyhood of the logic not working in the same way. Reusing your logic with different data sources. If there is no logic in the database, my application can create objects from records from the database, create them from a web service, a json file or any other source. I just need to swap out the data mapper implementation and can use all my business logic with any source. If there is logic in the database, this isn't possible and you have to implement the logic at the data mapper layer or in the business logic. Either way, you need those checks in your code. If there's no logic in the database I can deploy the application in different locations using different database or flat-file implementations.

我同意德米特里的回答，说得很好。

For those who are worried about the performance overhead FK's often bring, there's a way (in Oracle) you can get the query optimiser advantage of the FK constraint without the cost overhead of constraint validation during insert, delete or update. That is to create the FK constraint with the attributes RELY DISABLE NOVALIDATE. This means the query optimiser ASSUMES that the constraint has been enforced when building queries, without the database actually enforcing the constraint. You have to be very careful here to take the responsibility when you populate a table with an FK constraint like this to make absolutely sure you don't have data in your FK column(s) that violate the constraint, as if you do so you could get unreliable results from queries that involve the table this FK constraint is on.

我通常在数据集市模式中的某些表上使用这种策略，但在集成登台模式中不使用。我要确保复制数据的表已经强制执行了相同的约束，或者ETL例程强制执行了该约束。

这是一个教养问题。如果在您的教育或职业生涯中，您曾花时间维护数据库(或与有才华的人密切合作)，那么实体和关系的基本原则就会在您的思维过程中根深蒂固。这些基本知识包括如何/何时/为什么在数据库中指定键(主键、外键和备选键)。这是第二天性。

If, however, you've not had such a thorough or positive experience in your past with RDBMS-related endeavors, then you've likely not been exposed to such information. Or perhaps your past includes immersion in an environment that was vociferously anti-database (e.g., "those DBAs are idiots - we few, we chosen few java/c# code slingers will save the day"), in which case you might be vehemently opposed to the arcane babblings of some dweeb telling you that FKs (and the constraints they can imply) really are important if you'd just listen.

大多数人小时候都被教育刷牙很重要。没有它你能过吗?当然，但在某个时候，如果你每顿饭后都刷牙，那么你的牙齿就会减少。如果妈妈和爸爸们有足够的责任心，把数据库设计和口腔卫生都包括在内，我们就不会有这样的对话了。: -)

使用外键的其他原因: —可以更好地重用数据库

不使用外键的其他原因: —您试图通过减少重用来锁定客户。

我经常使用它们，但后来我为金融系统制作数据库。数据库是应用程序的关键部分。如果金融数据库中的数据不是完全准确的，那么无论你在代码/前端设计上投入多少精力都没有意义。你只是在浪费时间。

还有一个事实是，多个系统通常需要直接与数据库接口-从其他系统只是读取数据(Crystal Reports)到系统插入数据(不一定使用我设计的API;它可能是由一个刚刚发现VBScript并拥有SQL框SA密码的愚蠢的经理编写的)。如果数据库不能像白痴一样证明它可能是，好吧，再见数据库。

如果您的数据很重要，那么可以使用外键，创建一套存储过程来与数据交互，并创建最强大的DB。如果您的数据不重要，那么为什么要开始创建数据库呢?

我只知道Oracle数据库，不知道其他数据库，而且我知道外键对于保持数据完整性是必不可少的。在插入数据之前，需要建立一个数据结构，并且建立正确的数据结构。当这一步完成时——所有的主键和外键都创建好了——工作就完成了!

意思是:孤立的行?不。这辈子都没见过。除非一个糟糕的程序员忘记了外键，或者他在另一个层次上实现了外键。在Oracle的环境中，这两者都是巨大的错误，会导致数据复制、孤儿数据，从而导致数据损坏。我无法想象一个没有强制FK的数据库。在我看来是一片混乱。这有点像Unix权限系统:假设每个人都是root用户。想想混乱吧。

外键是必不可少的，就像主键一样。这就像是说:如果我们移除主键会怎样?那么，整个混乱将会发生。这是什么。不能将主键或外键的职责移到编程级别，但必须移到数据级别。

缺点呢?是的，当然!因为在插入时，会有更多的检查。但是，如果数据完整性比性能更重要，那么这是显而易见的。Oracle上的性能问题更多地与索引有关，索引包含PK和FK。