这里有一个非常简单的答案:

Runtime and compile time are programming terms that refer to different stages of software program development. In order to create a program, a developer first writes source code, which defines how the program will function. Small programs may only contain a few hundred lines of source code, while large programs may contain hundreds of thousands of lines of source code. The source code must be compiled into machine code in order to become and executable program. This compilation process is referred to as compile time.(think of a compiler as a translator)

用户可以打开并运行编译后的程序。当应用程序正在运行时，它被称为运行时。

术语“运行时”和“编译时”经常被程序员用来指代不同类型的错误。编译时错误是一种问题，例如语法错误或缺少文件引用，从而阻止程序成功编译。编译器产生编译时错误，并通常指出源代码的哪一行导致了问题。

如果一个程序的源代码已经被编译成一个可执行程序，那么它在程序运行时可能仍然有错误。例子包括不能工作的特性、意外的程序行为或程序崩溃。这些类型的问题被称为运行时错误，因为它们发生在运行时。

参考

编译时和运行时之间的差异就是精明的理论家所说的阶段差异的一个例子。它是最难学习的概念之一，特别是对于没有太多编程语言背景的人来说。要解决这个问题，我发现问一下很有帮助

程序满足哪些不变量? 在这个阶段会出现什么问题? 如果阶段成功，后置条件是什么(我们知道什么)? 输入和输出是什么(如果有的话)?

编译时

The program need not satisfy any invariants. In fact, it needn't be a well-formed program at all. You could feed this HTML to the compiler and watch it barf... What can go wrong at compile time: Syntax errors Typechecking errors (Rarely) compiler crashes If the compiler succeeds, what do we know? The program was well formed---a meaningful program in whatever language. It's possible to start running the program. (The program might fail immediately, but at least we can try.) What are the inputs and outputs? Input was the program being compiled, plus any header files, interfaces, libraries, or other voodoo that it needed to import in order to get compiled. Output is hopefully assembly code or relocatable object code or even an executable program. Or if something goes wrong, output is a bunch of error messages.

运行时

We know nothing about the program's invariants---they are whatever the programmer put in. Run-time invariants are rarely enforced by the compiler alone; it needs help from the programmer. What can go wrong are run-time errors: Division by zero Dereferencing a null pointer Running out of memory Also there can be errors that are detected by the program itself: Trying to open a file that isn't there Trying find a web page and discovering that an alleged URL is not well formed If run-time succeeds, the program finishes (or keeps going) without crashing. Inputs and outputs are entirely up to the programmer. Files, windows on the screen, network packets, jobs sent to the printer, you name it. If the program launches missiles, that's an output, and it happens only at run time :-)

运行时是指在运行程序时发生的事情。

编译时是指在编译程序时发生的事情。

简单地说，b/w编译时间和运行时间的差异。

编译时:开发人员以.java格式编写程序，并将其转换为类文件字节码，在编译期间发生的任何错误都可以定义为编译时错误。

运行时:生成的.class文件被应用程序用于它的附加功能&逻辑是错误的，并抛出一个错误，这是一个运行时错误

我一直认为它与程序处理开销以及它如何影响性能有关，如前所述。一个简单的例子是，在代码中定义对象所需的绝对内存。

一个定义的布尔值占用x个内存，然后在编译后的程序中，不能更改。当程序运行时，它确切地知道为x分配多少内存。

另一方面，如果我只是定义了一个泛型对象类型(即一种未定义的占位符或可能是一个指向一些巨大blob的指针)，我的对象所需的实际内存是不知道的，直到程序运行，我分配了一些东西给它，因此它必须评估和内存分配等，然后将在运行时动态处理(更多的运行时开销)。

如何动态处理它取决于语言、编译器、操作系统、你的代码等等。

然而，在这一点上，它实际上取决于您使用运行时和编译时的上下文。

您可以通过阅读实际代码来理解代码编译结构。运行时结构并不清楚，除非您了解所使用的模式。