我在Bash中有一个字符串:
string="My string"
如何测试它是否包含另一个字符串?
if [ $string ?? 'foo' ]; then
echo "It's there!"
fi
哪里是我不认识的接线员。我使用echo和grep吗?
if echo "$string" | grep 'foo'; then
echo "It's there!"
fi
这看起来有点笨拙。
我在Bash中有一个字符串:
string="My string"
如何测试它是否包含另一个字符串?
if [ $string ?? 'foo' ]; then
echo "It's there!"
fi
哪里是我不认识的接线员。我使用echo和grep吗?
if echo "$string" | grep 'foo'; then
echo "It's there!"
fi
这看起来有点笨拙。
当前回答
试试oobash。
它是Bash 4的OO风格字符串库。它支持德语元音变音。它是用巴什语写的。
有许多函数可用:-base64Decode、-base64Encode、-acapital、-center、-charAt、concat、-concontains、-count、-endsWith、-equals、-equalsIgnoreCase、-reverse、-hashCode、-indexOf、-isAlnum、-isAlpha、-isAscii、-isDigit、-isEmpty、-isHexDigit、-isLowerCase、-isSpace、-isPrintable、-isUpperCase、-isVisible、-lastIndexOf、-length、-matches、-replaceAll、-replaceFirst、-startsWith,-substring、-swapCase、-toLowerCase、-toString、-toUpperCase、-trim和-zfill。
查看包含的示例:
[Desktop]$ String a testXccc
[Desktop]$ a.contains tX
true
[Desktop]$ a.contains XtX
false
oobash可在Sourceforge.net上获得。
其他回答
字符串包含变量(兼容或不区分大小写)
由于这些Stack Overflow的答案主要讲述了Bash,我在这篇文章的底部发布了一个独立于大小写的Bash函数。。。
总之,有我的
兼容答案
由于已经有很多使用Bash特定功能的答案,因此有一种方法可以在功能较差的shell下工作,例如BusyBox:
[ -z "${string##*$reqsubstr*}" ]
在实践中,这可能会:
string='echo "My string"'
for reqsubstr in 'o "M' 'alt' 'str';do
if [ -z "${string##*$reqsubstr*}" ] ;then
echo "String '$string' contain substring: '$reqsubstr'."
else
echo "String '$string' don't contain substring: '$reqsubstr'."
fi
done
这是在Bash、Dash、KornShell(ksh)和ash(BusyBox)下测试的,结果总是:
String 'echo "My string"' contain substring: 'o "M'.
String 'echo "My string"' don't contain substring: 'alt'.
String 'echo "My string"' contain substring: 'str'.
集成到一个函数中
正如@EeroAaltonen所问,这里是相同演示的一个版本,在相同的外壳下测试:
myfunc() {
reqsubstr="$1"
shift
string="$@"
if [ -z "${string##*$reqsubstr*}" ] ;then
echo "String '$string' contain substring: '$reqsubstr'.";
else
echo "String '$string' don't contain substring: '$reqsubstr'."
fi
}
然后:
$ myfunc 'o "M' 'echo "My String"'
String 'echo "My String"' contain substring 'o "M'.
$ myfunc 'alt' 'echo "My String"'
String 'echo "My String"' don't contain substring 'alt'.
注意:必须转义或双引号和/或双引号:
$ myfunc 'o "M' echo "My String"
String 'echo My String' don't contain substring: 'o "M'.
$ myfunc 'o "M' echo \"My String\"
String 'echo "My String"' contain substring: 'o "M'.
简单的功能
这是在BusyBox、Dash和Bash下测试的:
stringContain() { [ -z "${2##*$1*}" ]; }
现在:
$ if stringContain 'o "M3' 'echo "My String"';then echo yes;else echo no;fi
no
$ if stringContain 'o "M' 'echo "My String"';then echo yes;else echo no;fi
yes
…或者,如果提交的字符串可能为空,如@Sjlver所指出的,则函数将变为:
stringContain() { [ -z "${2##*$1*}" ] && [ -z "$1" -o -n "$2" ]; }
或者正如Adrian Günter的评论所建议的,避免使用-o开关:
stringContain() { [ -z "${2##*$1*}" ] && { [ -z "$1" ] || [ -n "$2" ];};}
最终(简单)功能:
并反转测试以使其可能更快:
stringContain() { [ -z "$1" ] || { [ -z "${2##*$1*}" ] && [ -n "$2" ];};}
对于空字符串:
$ if stringContain '' ''; then echo yes; else echo no; fi
yes
$ if stringContain 'o "M' ''; then echo yes; else echo no; fi
no
独立于大小写(仅限Bash!)
对于不区分大小写的字符串测试,只需将每个字符串转换为小写:
stringContain() {
local _lc=${2,,}
[ -z "$1" ] || { [ -z "${_lc##*${1,,}*}" ] && [ -n "$2" ] ;} ;}
检查:
stringContain 'o "M3' 'echo "my string"' && echo yes || echo no
no
stringContain 'o "My' 'echo "my string"' && echo yes || echo no
yes
if stringContain '' ''; then echo yes; else echo no; fi
yes
if stringContain 'o "M' ''; then echo yes; else echo no; fi
no
这个怎么样:
text=" <tag>bmnmn</tag> "
if [[ "$text" =~ "<tag>" ]]; then
echo "matched"
else
echo "not matched"
fi
公认的答案是正确的,但很难阅读和理解。对于与搜索相关的问题,应始终使用$needle in a$haystack习语。由于建议的编辑队列已满,我发布了以下内容:
haystack='There are needles here.'
if [[ "$haystack" == *"needle"* ]]; then
echo "It's there!"
fi
这里回答的问题的扩展如何判断POSIX sh中的字符串是否包含另一个字符串?:
此解决方案适用于特殊字符:
# contains(string, substring)
#
# Returns 0 if the specified string contains the specified substring,
# otherwise returns 1.
contains() {
string="$1"
substring="$2"
if echo "$string" | $(type -p ggrep grep | head -1) -F -- "$substring" >/dev/null; then
return 0 # $substring is in $string
else
return 1 # $substring is not in $string
fi
}
contains "abcd" "e" || echo "abcd does not contain e"
contains "abcd" "ab" && echo "abcd contains ab"
contains "abcd" "bc" && echo "abcd contains bc"
contains "abcd" "cd" && echo "abcd contains cd"
contains "abcd" "abcd" && echo "abcd contains abcd"
contains "" "" && echo "empty string contains empty string"
contains "a" "" && echo "a contains empty string"
contains "" "a" || echo "empty string does not contain a"
contains "abcd efgh" "cd ef" && echo "abcd efgh contains cd ef"
contains "abcd efgh" " " && echo "abcd efgh contains a space"
contains "abcd [efg] hij" "[efg]" && echo "abcd [efg] hij contains [efg]"
contains "abcd [efg] hij" "[effg]" || echo "abcd [efg] hij does not contain [effg]"
contains "abcd *efg* hij" "*efg*" && echo "abcd *efg* hij contains *efg*"
contains "abcd *efg* hij" "d *efg* h" && echo "abcd *efg* hij contains d *efg* h"
contains "abcd *efg* hij" "*effg*" || echo "abcd *efg* hij does not contain *effg*"
因此,这个问题有很多有用的解决方案——但哪一个最快/使用的资源最少?
使用此框架重复测试:
/usr/bin/time bash -c 'a=two;b=onetwothree; x=100000; while [ $x -gt 0 ]; do TEST ; x=$(($x-1)); done'
每次更换测试:
[[ $b =~ $a ]] 2.92 user 0.06 system 0:02.99 elapsed 99% CPU
[ "${b/$a//}" = "$b" ] 3.16 user 0.07 system 0:03.25 elapsed 99% CPU
[[ $b == *$a* ]] 1.85 user 0.04 system 0:01.90 elapsed 99% CPU
case $b in *$a):;;esac 1.80 user 0.02 system 0:01.83 elapsed 99% CPU
doContain $a $b 4.27 user 0.11 system 0:04.41 elapsed 99%CPU
(doContain在F.Houri的回答中)
对于傻笑:
echo $b|grep -q $a 12.68 user 30.86 system 3:42.40 elapsed 19% CPU !ouch!
因此,无论是在扩展测试还是案例中,简单的替代选项都可以预测地获胜。这个箱子是便携式的。
输出到100000 greps是可想而知的痛苦!关于无需使用外部实用程序的旧规则是正确的。