下面是PHP中的一些东西(所有PHP整数都是32位符号，因此是31位):

function bits_population($nInteger)
{

    $nPop=0;
    while($nInteger)
    {
        $nInteger^=(1<<(floor(1+log($nInteger)/log(2))-1));
        $nPop++;
    }
    return $nPop;
}

对于232查找表和逐个遍历每个位之间的折中方法:

int bitcount(unsigned int num){
    int count = 0;
    static int nibblebits[] =
        {0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4};
    for(; num != 0; num >>= 4)
        count += nibblebits[num & 0x0f];
    return count;
}

从http://ctips.pbwiki.com/CountBits

public class BinaryCounter {

private int N;

public BinaryCounter(int N) {
    this.N = N;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

    BinaryCounter counter=new BinaryCounter(7);     
    System.out.println("Number of ones is "+ counter.count());

}

public int count(){
    if(N<=0) return 0;
    int counter=0;
    int K = 0;
    do{
        K = biggestPowerOfTwoSmallerThan(N);
        N = N-K;
        counter++;
    }while (N != 0);
    return counter;

}

private int biggestPowerOfTwoSmallerThan(int N) {
    if(N==1) return 1;
    for(int i=0;i<N;i++){
        if(Math.pow(2, i) > N){
            int power = i-1;
            return (int) Math.pow(2, power);
        }
    }
    return 0;
}
}

你要找的函数通常被称为二进制数的“横向和”或“总体数”。Knuth在前分册1A，第11-12页中讨论了它(尽管在第2卷，4.6.3-(7)中有简要的参考)。

经典文献是Peter Wegner的文章“二进制计算机中的一种计数技术”，摘自ACM通讯，卷3(1960)第5号，第322页。他给出了两种不同的算法，一种针对“稀疏”(即1的数量很少)的数字进行了优化，另一种针对相反的情况。

下面是示例代码，可能很有用。

private static final int[] bitCountArr = new int[]{0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7, 5, 6, 6, 7, 6, 7, 7, 8};
private static final int firstByteFF = 255;
public static final int getCountOfSetBits(int value){
    int count = 0;
    for(int i=0;i<4;i++){
        if(value == 0) break;
        count += bitCountArr[value & firstByteFF];
        value >>>= 8;
    }
    return count;
}

这也可以正常工作:

int ans = 0;
while(num) {
  ans += (num & 1);
  num = num >> 1;
}    
return ans;