在《Java并发实践》一书中有一个很好的例子。作者(Joshua Bloch)解释了线程限制是实现线程安全的最简单方法之一，而ThreadLocal是维护线程限制的更正式的方法。最后，他还解释了人们如何滥用它作为全局变量。

我已经从提到的书中复制了文本，但代码3.10是缺失的，因为它不太重要，了解ThreadLocal应该在哪里使用。

Thread-local variables are often used to prevent sharing in designs based on mutable Singletons or global variables. For example, a single-threaded application might maintain a global database connection that is initialized at startup to avoid having to pass a Connection to every method. Since JDBC connections may not be thread-safe, a multithreaded application that uses a global connection without additional coordination is not thread-safe either. By using a ThreadLocal to store the JDBC connection, as in ConnectionHolder in Listing 3.10, each thread will have its own connection. ThreadLocal is widely used in implementing application frameworks. For example, J2EE containers associate a transaction context with an executing thread for the duration of an EJB call. This is easily implemented using a static Thread-Local holding the transaction context: when framework code needs to determine what transaction is currently running, it fetches the transaction context from this ThreadLocal. This is convenient in that it reduces the need to pass execution context information into every method, but couples any code that uses this mechanism to the framework. It is easy to abuse ThreadLocal by treating its thread confinement property as a license to use global variables or as a means of creating “hidden” method arguments. Like global variables, thread-local variables can detract from reusability and introduce hidden couplings among classes, and should therefore be used with care.

在Java中，如果您有一个每个线程都可以变化的数据，那么您可以选择将该数据传递给每个需要(或可能需要)它的方法，或者将该数据与线程关联。如果你的所有方法都需要传递一个公共的“上下文”变量，那么到处传递数据可能是可行的。

如果不是这样，您可能不希望用额外的参数来打乱方法签名。在非线程环境中，可以使用Java中等价的全局变量来解决这个问题。在线程词中，与全局变量等价的是线程局部变量。

ThreadLocal in Java had been introduced on JDK 1.2 but was later generified in JDK 1.5 to introduce type safety on ThreadLocal variable. ThreadLocal can be associated with Thread scope, all the code which is executed by Thread has access to ThreadLocal variables but two thread can not see each others ThreadLocal variable. Each thread holds an exclusive copy of ThreadLocal variable which becomes eligible to Garbage collection after thread finished or died, normally or due to any Exception, Given those ThreadLocal variable doesn't have any other live references. ThreadLocal variables in Java are generally private static fields in Classes and maintain its state inside Thread.

阅读更多:Java示例程序和教程中的ThreadLocal

Nothing really new here, but I discovered today that ThreadLocal is very useful when using Bean Validation in a web application. Validation messages are localized, but by default use Locale.getDefault(). You can configure the Validator with a different MessageInterpolator, but there's no way to specify the Locale when you call validate. So you could create a static ThreadLocal<Locale> (or better yet, a general container with other things you might need to be ThreadLocal and then have your custom MessageInterpolator pick the Locale from that. Next step is to write a ServletFilter which uses a session value or request.getLocale() to pick the locale and store it in your ThreadLocal reference.

线程局部变量通常用于防止基于线程的设计中的共享 可变单例或全局变量。

在不使用连接池的情况下，它可以用于为每个线程建立单独的JDBC连接等场景。

private static ThreadLocal<Connection> connectionHolder
           = new ThreadLocal<Connection>() {
      public Connection initialValue() {
           return DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL);
          }
     };

public static Connection getConnection() {
      return connectionHolder.get();
} 

当您调用getConnection时，它将返回与该线程关联的连接。对于其他属性(如dateformat、事务上下文等)，您不希望在线程之间共享，也可以这样做。

您也可以使用局部变量来实现相同的目的，但是这些资源通常会占用创建时间，因此您不希望在使用它们执行某些业务逻辑时一次又一次地创建它们。然而，ThreadLocal值存储在线程对象本身中，一旦线程被垃圾收集，这些值也就消失了。

这个链接很好地解释了ThreadLocal的用法。

Webapp服务器可能会保留一个线程池，并且在响应客户端之前应该删除ThreadLocal变量，因此当前线程可能会被下一个请求重用。