一个更著名的组装片段来自Michael Abrash的纹理映射循环(在这里详细解释):

add edx,[DeltaVFrac] ; add in dVFrac
sbb ebp,ebp ; store carry
mov [edi],al ; write pixel n
mov al,[esi] ; fetch pixel n+1
add ecx,ebx ; add in dUFrac
adc esi,[4*ebp + UVStepVCarry]; add in steps

现在，大多数编译器将高级CPU特定指令表示为intrinsic，即编译为实际指令的函数。MS Visual c++支持MMX、SSE、SSE2、SSE3和SSE4的intrinsic，因此您不必太过担心使用特定于平台的指令来进行汇编。Visual c++还可以通过适当的/ARCH设置来利用您所针对的实际体系结构。

我想说的是，当你比编译器更擅长一组给定的指令时。所以我认为没有通用的答案

只有在使用编译器不支持的特殊用途指令集时。

为了最大限度地利用具有多个管道和预测分支的现代CPU的计算能力，您需要以这样一种方式来构造汇编程序:a)人类几乎不可能编写b)甚至更不可能维护。

此外，更好的算法、数据结构和内存管理将为您提供至少一个数量级的性能，而不是在汇编中进行的微观优化。

我已经阅读了所有的答案(超过30个)，并没有找到一个简单的原因:如果你读过并练习过Intel®64和IA-32架构优化参考手册，汇编程序比C更快，所以汇编程序可能更慢的原因是编写这种慢汇编程序的人没有阅读优化手册。

In the good old days of Intel 80286, each instruction was executed at a fixed count of CPU cycles. Still, since Pentium Pro, released in 1995, Intel processors became superscalar, utilizing Complex Pipelining: Out-of-Order Execution & Register Renaming. Before that, on Pentium, produced in 1993, there were U and V pipelines. Therefore, Pentium introduced dual pipelines that could execute two simple instructions at one clock cycle if they didn't depend on one another. However, this was nothing compared with the Out-of-Order Execution & Register Renaming that appeared in Pentium Pro. This approach introduced in Pentium Pro is practically the same nowadays on most recent Intel processors.

Let me explain the Out-of-Order Execution in a few words. The fastest code is where instructions do not depend on previous results, e.g., you should always clear whole registers (by movzx) to remove dependency from previous values of the registers you are working with, so they may be renamed internally by the CPU to allow instruction execute in parallel or in a different order. Or, on some processors, false dependency may exist that may also slow things down, like false dependency on Pentium 4 for inc/dec, so you may wish to use add eax, 1 instead or inc eax to remove dependency on the previous state of the flags.

如果时间允许，您可以阅读更多无序执行和注册重命名。因特网上有大量的信息。

There are also many other essential issues like branch prediction, number of load and store units, number of gates that execute micro-ops, memory cache coherence protocols, etc., but the crucial thing to consider is the Out-of-Order Execution. Most people are simply not aware of the Out-of-Order Execution. Therefore, they write their assembly programs like for 80286, expecting their instructions will take a fixed time to execute regardless of the context. At the same time, C compilers are aware of the Out-of-Order Execution and generate the code correctly. That's why the code of such uninformed people is slower, but if you become knowledgeable, your code will be faster.

除了乱序执行之外，还有很多优化技巧和技巧。请阅读上面提到的优化手册:-)

However, assembly language has its own drawbacks when it comes to optimization. According to Peter Cordes (see the comment below), some of the optimizations compilers do would be unmaintainable for large code-bases in hand-written assembly. For example, suppose you write in assembly. In that case, you need to completely change an inline function (an assembly macro) when it inlines into a function that calls it with some arguments being constants. At the same time, a C compiler makes its job a lot simpler—and inlining the same code in different ways into different call sites. There is a limit to what you can do with assembly macros. So to get the same benefit, you'd have to manually optimize the same logic in each place to match the constants and available registers you have.

一个更著名的组装片段来自Michael Abrash的纹理映射循环(在这里详细解释):

add edx,[DeltaVFrac] ; add in dVFrac
sbb ebp,ebp ; store carry
mov [edi],al ; write pixel n
mov al,[esi] ; fetch pixel n+1
add ecx,ebx ; add in dUFrac
adc esi,[4*ebp + UVStepVCarry]; add in steps

现在，大多数编译器将高级CPU特定指令表示为intrinsic，即编译为实际指令的函数。MS Visual c++支持MMX、SSE、SSE2、SSE3和SSE4的intrinsic，因此您不必太过担心使用特定于平台的指令来进行汇编。Visual c++还可以通过适当的/ARCH设置来利用您所针对的实际体系结构。

我认为汇编程序更快的一般情况是，当一个聪明的汇编程序员看到编译器的输出并说“这是性能的关键路径，我可以写这个更有效”，然后那个人调整汇编程序或从头重写它。