有向图和替代标记

C (ISO/IEC 9899:1999, 6.4.6/3)和c++ (ISO/IEC 14882:2003, 2.5)有一个很少使用的特性，被C称为“有向图”，被c++称为“替代令牌”。它们不同于三trigraph，主要是因为包含它们的字符串字面量永远不会被不同地解释。

%:include <stdio.h>

int main() <%
    int a<:10:> = <%0%>;
    printf("Here's the 5th element of 'a': %d\n", a<:4:>);
    puts("Evil, eh? %:>");
    return 0;
%>

c++有更多，包括and, or, and not，它们被要求表现为&&，||和!C语言也有这些，但是需要包含<iso646.h>来使用它们，将它们视为宏而不是令牌。c++头文件<ciso646>实际上是一个空文件。

值得注意的是，GCC实现了对这种奇怪的语言特性的支持，但许多其他编译器在尝试编译上述代码段时都阻塞并死亡。

Haskell's use of Maybe and Just. Maybe a is a type constructor that returns a type of Just a, but Maybe Int won't accept just an Int, it requires it to be a Just Int or Nothing. So in essence in haskell parlance Just Int is about as much of an Int as an apple is an orange. The only connection is that Just 5 returns a type of Maybe Interger, which can be constructed with the function Just and an Integer argument. This makes sense but is about as hard to explain as it can theoretically be, which is the purpose of haskell right? So is Just really JustKindaLikeButNotAtAll yea sorta, and is Maybe really a KindaLooksLikeOrIsNothing, yea sorta again.

-- Create a function that returns a Maybe Int, and return a 5, which know is definitly Int'able
>  let x :: Maybe Int; x = 5;
<interactive>:1:24:
    No instance for (Num (Maybe Int))
      arising from the literal `5' at <interactive>:1:24
    Possible fix: add an instance declaration for (Num (Maybe Int))
    In the expression: 5
    In the definition of `x': x = 5

>  Just 5  
Just 5
it :: Maybe Integer

    -- Create a function x which takes an Int
>  let x :: Int -> Int; x _ = 0;
x :: Int -> Int
-- Try to give it a Just Int
>  x $ Just 5                   

<interactive>:1:4:
    Couldn't match expected type `Int' against inferred type `Maybe t'
    In the second argument of `($)', namely `Just 5'
    In the expression: x $ Just 5
    In the definition of `it': it = x $ Just 5

祝你好运读到这篇文章，我希望它是正确的。

Python 2。X演示了一个糟糕的列表理解实现:

z = 4
s = [z*z for z in range(255)]
print z

这段代码返回254。列表推导式的变量与上定义的变量冲突。

Python 3。x已经处理了这个特性，但是闭包仍然对外部变量使用动态链接，并在函数式python编程器中引入了许多wtf

def mapper(x):
    return x*x
continuations = [lambda: mapper(x) for x in range(5)]
print( [c() for c in continuations])

此代码显然返回[16,16,16,16,16]。

PHP中的变量

PHP中一个奇怪的特性，它允许你从其他变量的内容中创建和分配变量(警告，未经测试的代码):

$a = 'Juliet';
$$a = 'awesome'; // assigns a variable named $Juliet with value 'awesome'

echo '$a';       // prints Juliet
echo '${$a}';    // prints awesome
echo '$Juliet';  // prints awesome

好吧，假设我们有这样的东西:

$bob = 'I\'m bob';
$joe = 'I\'m joe';
$someVarName = 'bob';
$$someVarName = 'Variable \'bob\' changed';

用各种间接的方式来找点乐子怎么样:

$juliet = 'Juliet is awesome!';
$func = 'getVarName'

echo '${$func()}'; // prints 'Juliet is awesome!'

function getVarName() { return 'juliet'; }

COMEFROM是我见过的最奇怪，也可能是最没用的语言功能。

其次是三元运算符，因为它违反了优化的第一条规则。它带来的危害大于它解决的问题。它的危害更大，因为它使代码可读性更差。

并不是一个真正的语言功能，但有趣/很棒的功能使用是Duff的设备。

我曾经写过一种编程语言，它有一个“strfry”操作符:

"hello world"?
# => "wdo rlholle"

有用的,是吗?