给定一个函数,它产生的是1到5之间的随机整数,写一个函数,它产生的是1到7之间的随机整数。


当前回答

rand7() = (rand5()+rand5()+rand5()+rand5()+rand5()+rand5()+rand5())%7+1

编辑:这并不奏效。误差约为千分之二(假设是完美的rand5)。桶得到:

value   Count  Error%
1       11158  -0.0035
2       11144  -0.0214
3       11144  -0.0214
4       11158  -0.0035
5       11172  +0.0144
6       11177  +0.0208
7       11172  +0.0144

通过转换到的和

n   Error%
10  +/- 1e-3,
12  +/- 1e-4,
14  +/- 1e-5,
16  +/- 1e-6,
...
28  +/- 3e-11

似乎每增加2就增加一个数量级

BTW:上面的误差表不是通过采样产生的,而是通过以下递归关系产生的:

P [x,n]是给定n次调用rand5,输出=x可能发生的次数。

  p[1,1] ... p[5,1] = 1
  p[6,1] ... p[7,1] = 0

  p[1,n] = p[7,n-1] + p[6,n-1] + p[5,n-1] + p[4,n-1] + p[3,n-1]
  p[2,n] = p[1,n-1] + p[7,n-1] + p[6,n-1] + p[5,n-1] + p[4,n-1]
  p[3,n] = p[2,n-1] + p[1,n-1] + p[7,n-1] + p[6,n-1] + p[5,n-1]
  p[4,n] = p[3,n-1] + p[2,n-1] + p[1,n-1] + p[7,n-1] + p[6,n-1]
  p[5,n] = p[4,n-1] + p[3,n-1] + p[2,n-1] + p[1,n-1] + p[7,n-1]
  p[6,n] = p[5,n-1] + p[4,n-1] + p[3,n-1] + p[2,n-1] + p[1,n-1]
  p[7,n] = p[6,n-1] + p[5,n-1] + p[4,n-1] + p[3,n-1] + p[2,n-1]

其他回答

Here's a solution that fits entirely within integers and is within about 4% of optimal (i.e. uses 1.26 random numbers in {0..4} for every one in {0..6}). The code's in Scala, but the math should be reasonably clear in any language: you take advantage of the fact that 7^9 + 7^8 is very close to 5^11. So you pick an 11 digit number in base 5, and then interpret it as a 9 digit number in base 7 if it's in range (giving 9 base 7 numbers), or as an 8 digit number if it's over the 9 digit number, etc.:

abstract class RNG {
  def apply(): Int
}

class Random5 extends RNG {
  val rng = new scala.util.Random
  var count = 0
  def apply() = { count += 1 ; rng.nextInt(5) }
}

class FiveSevener(five: RNG) {
  val sevens = new Array[Int](9)
  var nsevens = 0
  val to9 = 40353607;
  val to8 = 5764801;
  val to7 = 823543;
  def loadSevens(value: Int, count: Int) {
    nsevens = 0;
    var remaining = value;
    while (nsevens < count) {
      sevens(nsevens) = remaining % 7
      remaining /= 7
      nsevens += 1
    }
  }
  def loadSevens {
    var fivepow11 = 0;
    var i=0
    while (i<11) { i+=1 ; fivepow11 = five() + fivepow11*5 }
    if (fivepow11 < to9) { loadSevens(fivepow11 , 9) ; return }
    fivepow11 -= to9
    if (fivepow11 < to8) { loadSevens(fivepow11 , 8) ; return }
    fivepow11 -= to8
    if (fivepow11 < 3*to7) loadSevens(fivepow11 % to7 , 7)
    else loadSevens
  }
  def apply() = {
    if (nsevens==0) loadSevens
    nsevens -= 1
    sevens(nsevens)
  }
}

如果你将一个测试粘贴到解释器中(实际上是REPL),你会得到:

scala> val five = new Random5
five: Random5 = Random5@e9c592

scala> val seven = new FiveSevener(five)
seven: FiveSevener = FiveSevener@143c423

scala> val counts = new Array[Int](7)
counts: Array[Int] = Array(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)

scala> var i=0 ; while (i < 100000000) { counts( seven() ) += 1 ; i += 1 }
i: Int = 100000000

scala> counts
res0: Array[Int] = Array(14280662, 14293012, 14281286, 14284836, 14287188,
14289332, 14283684)

scala> five.count
res1: Int = 125902876

分布很好,很平坦(在每个箱子中,10^8的1/7大约在10k范围内,就像预期的近似高斯分布一样)。

int rand7()
{
    return ( rand5() + (rand5()%3) );
}

rand5() -返回1-5之间的值 rand5()%3 -返回0-2之间的值 所以,当加起来时,总价值将在1-7之间

这里有很多解决方案没有产生均匀分布,许多评论指出了这一点,但这个问题并没有把它作为一个要求。最简单的解决方案是:

int rand_7() { return rand_5(); }

1 - 5范围内的随机整数显然在1 - 7范围内。从技术上讲,最简单的解决方法是返回一个常数,但那太琐碎了。

然而,我认为rand_5函数的存在是一个转移注意力的问题。假设问题是“生成一个均匀分布的伪随机数生成器,输出范围为1 - 7”。这是一个简单的问题(技术上不简单,但已经解决了,所以您可以查阅它)。

另一方面,如果问题被解释为你实际上有一个真正的随机数生成器,用于范围为1 - 5的整数(而不是伪随机),那么解决方案是:

1) examine the rand_5 function
2) understand how it works
3) profit

从一个扩大浮动范围的链接来到这里。这个更有趣。而不是我是如何得出结论的,我突然想到,对于一个给定的随机整数生成函数f,以“基数”b(在这种情况下是4,我会告诉为什么),它可以展开如下:

(b^0 * f() + b^1 * f() + b^2 * f() .... b^p * f()) / (b^(p+1) - 1) * (b-1)

这将把随机生成器转换为FLOAT生成器。我将在这里定义2个参数b和p。虽然这里的“基数”是4,但b实际上可以是任何东西,它也可以是无理数等p,我称之为精度是你想要的浮点生成器的良好粒度的程度。可以把这看作是对rand7的每次调用对rand5的调用数。

但我意识到,如果你把b设为底数+1(在这种情况下是4+1 = 5),这是一个最佳点,你会得到均匀的分布。首先摆脱这个1-5生成器,它实际上是rand4() + 1:

function rand4(){
    return Math.random() * 5 | 0;
}

为了达到这个目的,你可以用rand5()-1替换rand4

接下来是将rand4从整数生成器转换为浮点生成器

function toFloat(f,b,p){
    b = b || 2;
    p = p || 3;
    return (Array.apply(null,Array(p))
    .map(function(d,i){return f()})
    .map(function(d,i){return Math.pow(b,i)*d})
    .reduce(function(ac,d,i){return ac += d;}))
    /
    (
        (Math.pow(b,p) - 1)
        /(b-1)
    )
}

这将把我写的第一个函数应用到一个给定的rand函数。试一试:

toFloat(rand4) //1.4285714285714286 base = 2, precision = 3
toFloat(rand4,3,4) //0.75 base = 3, precision = 4
toFloat(rand4,4,5) //3.7507331378299122 base = 4, precision = 5
toFloat(rand4,5,6) //0.2012288786482335 base = 5, precision =6
...

现在,您可以将这个浮动范围(0-4 include)转换为任何其他浮动范围,然后将其降级为整数。这里我们的底是4,因为我们处理的是rand4,因此b=5的值会给你一个均匀分布。当b增长超过4时,你将开始在分布中引入周期性间隙。我测试了从2到8的b值,每个值都有3000分,并与原生数学进行了比较。随机的javascript,在我看来甚至比本机本身更好:

http://jsfiddle.net/ibowankenobi/r57v432t/

对于上面的链接,单击分布顶部的“bin”按钮以减小分箱大小。最后一个图表是原生数学。随机的,第四个d=5是均匀的。

在你得到浮动范围后,要么与7相乘并抛出小数部分,要么与7相乘,减去0.5并四舍五入:

((toFloat(rand4,5,6)/4 * 7) | 0) + 1   ---> occasionally you'll get 8 with 1/4^6 probability.
Math.round((toFloat(rand4,5,6)/4 * 7) - 0.5) + 1 --> between 1 and 7

通过使用滚动总数,您可以同时

保持平均分配;而且 不需要牺牲随机序列中的任何元素。

这两个问题都是简单的rand(5)+rand(5)…类型的解决方案。下面的Python代码展示了如何实现它(其中大部分是证明发行版)。

import random
x = []
for i in range (0,7):
    x.append (0)
t = 0
tt = 0
for i in range (0,700000):
    ########################################
    #####            qq.py             #####
    r = int (random.random () * 5)
    t = (t + r) % 7
    ########################################
    #####       qq_notsogood.py        #####
    #r = 20
    #while r > 6:
        #r =     int (random.random () * 5)
        #r = r + int (random.random () * 5)
    #t = r
    ########################################
    x[t] = x[t] + 1
    tt = tt + 1
high = x[0]
low = x[0]
for i in range (0,7):
    print "%d: %7d %.5f" % (i, x[i], 100.0 * x[i] / tt)
    if x[i] < low:
        low = x[i]
    if x[i] > high:
        high = x[i]
diff = high - low
print "Variation = %d (%.5f%%)" % (diff, 100.0 * diff / tt)

这个输出显示了结果:

pax$ python qq.py
0:   99908 14.27257
1:  100029 14.28986
2:  100327 14.33243
3:  100395 14.34214
4:   99104 14.15771
5:   99829 14.26129
6:  100408 14.34400
Variation = 1304 (0.18629%)

pax$ python qq.py
0:   99547 14.22100
1:  100229 14.31843
2:  100078 14.29686
3:   99451 14.20729
4:  100284 14.32629
5:  100038 14.29114
6:  100373 14.33900
Variation = 922 (0.13171%)

pax$ python qq.py
0:  100481 14.35443
1:   99188 14.16971
2:  100284 14.32629
3:  100222 14.31743
4:   99960 14.28000
5:   99426 14.20371
6:  100439 14.34843
Variation = 1293 (0.18471%)

一个简单的rand(5)+rand(5),忽略那些返回大于6的情况,其典型变化为18%,是上面所示方法的100倍:

pax$ python qq_notsogood.py
0:   31756 4.53657
1:   63304 9.04343
2:   95507 13.64386
3:  127825 18.26071
4:  158851 22.69300
5:  127567 18.22386
6:   95190 13.59857
Variation = 127095 (18.15643%)

pax$ python qq_notsogood.py
0:   31792 4.54171
1:   63637 9.09100
2:   95641 13.66300
3:  127627 18.23243
4:  158751 22.67871
5:  126782 18.11171
6:   95770 13.68143
Variation = 126959 (18.13700%)

pax$ python qq_notsogood.py
0:   31955 4.56500
1:   63485 9.06929
2:   94849 13.54986
3:  127737 18.24814
4:  159687 22.81243
5:  127391 18.19871
6:   94896 13.55657
Variation = 127732 (18.24743%)

并且,根据Nixuz的建议,我已经清理了脚本,所以您可以提取并使用rand7…材料:

import random

# rand5() returns 0 through 4 inclusive.

def rand5():
    return int (random.random () * 5)

# rand7() generator returns 0 through 6 inclusive (using rand5()).

def rand7():
    rand7ret = 0
    while True:
        rand7ret = (rand7ret + rand5()) % 7
        yield rand7ret

# Number of test runs.

count = 700000

# Work out distribution.

distrib = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
rgen =rand7()
for i in range (0,count):
    r = rgen.next()
    distrib[r] = distrib[r] + 1

# Print distributions and calculate variation.

high = distrib[0]
low = distrib[0]
for i in range (0,7):
    print "%d: %7d %.5f" % (i, distrib[i], 100.0 * distrib[i] / count)
    if distrib[i] < low:
        low = distrib[i]
    if distrib[i] > high:
        high = distrib[i]
diff = high - low
print "Variation = %d (%.5f%%)" % (diff, 100.0 * diff / count)