是否可以在ES6类中创建私有属性?

举个例子。 如何阻止访问instance.property?

class Something {
  constructor(){
    this.property = "test";
  }
}

var instance = new Something();
console.log(instance.property); //=> "test"

当前回答

大多数答案要么说不可能,要么要求你使用WeakMap或Symbol,这是ES6的特性,可能需要腻子。然而,还有另一种方法!看看这个:

// 1. Create closure var SomeClass = function() { // 2. Create `key` inside a closure var key = {}; // Function to create private storage var private = function() { var obj = {}; // return Function to access private storage using `key` return function(testkey) { if(key === testkey) return obj; // If `key` is wrong, then storage cannot be accessed console.error('Cannot access private properties'); return undefined; }; }; var SomeClass = function() { // 3. Create private storage this._ = private(); // 4. Access private storage using the `key` this._(key).priv_prop = 200; }; SomeClass.prototype.test = function() { console.log(this._(key).priv_prop); // Using property from prototype }; return SomeClass; }(); // Can access private property from within prototype var instance = new SomeClass(); instance.test(); // `200` logged // Cannot access private property from outside of the closure var wrong_key = {}; instance._(wrong_key); // undefined; error logged

我称这个方法为accessor pattern。基本思想是我们有一个闭包,闭包中有一个键,我们创建一个私有对象(在构造函数中),只有当你拥有键时才能访问它。

如果你感兴趣,你可以在我的文章中阅读更多有关这方面的内容。使用此方法,可以为每个对象创建不能在闭包外部访问的属性。因此,你可以在构造函数或原型中使用它们,但不能在其他任何地方使用。我还没有在任何地方见过这种方法,但我认为它真的很强大。

其他回答

完成@d13和@johnny-oshika和@DanyalAytekin的评论:

我想在@johnny-oshika提供的例子中,我们可以使用普通函数而不是箭头函数,然后用当前对象加上_privates对象作为curry形参。

something.js

function _greet(_privates) {
  return 'Hello ' + _privates.message;
}

function _updateMessage(_privates, newMessage) {
  _privates.message = newMessage;
}

export default class Something {
  constructor(message) {
    const _privates = {
      message
    };

    this.say = _greet.bind(this, _privates);
    this.updateMessage = _updateMessage.bind(this, _privates);
  }
}

main.js

import Something from './something.js';

const something = new Something('Sunny day!');

const message1 = something.say();
something.updateMessage('Cloudy day!');
const message2 = something.say();

console.log(message1 === 'Hello Sunny day!');  // true
console.log(message2 === 'Hello Cloudy day!');  // true

// the followings are not public
console.log(something._greet === undefined);  // true
console.log(something._privates === undefined);  // true
console.log(something._updateMessage === undefined);  // true

// another instance which doesn't share the _privates
const something2 = new Something('another Sunny day!');

const message3 = something2.say();

console.log(message3 === 'Hello another Sunny day!'); // true

我能想到的好处:

我们可以有私有方法(_greet和_updateMessage就像私有方法一样,只要我们不导出引用) 尽管它们不在原型上,但上面提到的方法将节省内存,因为实例只在类外部创建一次(而不是在构造函数中定义它们)。 我们不会泄露任何全局变量,因为我们是在一个模块内 我们还可以使用binding _privates对象拥有私有属性

我能想到的一些缺点:

更直观的 混合使用类语法和老式模式(对象绑定、模块/函数作用域变量) 硬绑定——我们不能重新绑定公共方法(尽管我们可以通过使用软绑定来改进这一点(https://github.com/getify/You-Dont-Know-JS/blob/master/this%20%26%20object%20prototypes/ch2.md#softening-binding))。

一个运行的片段可以在这里找到:http://www.webpackbin.com/NJgI5J8lZ

这里,myThing变量是私有的,是闭包的一部分:

class Person {
  constructor() {

    var myThing = "Hello World";

    return {
      thing: myThing,
      sayThing: this.sayThing
    }
  }

  sayThing() {
    console.log(this.thing);
  }
}

var person = new Person();

console.log(person);

就我个人而言,我喜欢绑定操作符::的建议,然后将其与@d13提到的解决方案结合起来,但现在坚持使用@d13的答案,在这里您为类使用export关键字,并将私有函数放在模块中。

还有一个棘手的解决方案,这里没有提到,下面是更实用的方法,将允许它在类中拥有所有的私有道具/方法。

Private.js

export const get = state => key => state[key];
export const set = state => (key,value) => { state[key] = value; }

. js

import { get, set } from './utils/Private'
export default class Test {
  constructor(initialState = {}) {
    const _set = this.set = set(initialState);
    const _get = this.get = get(initialState);

    this.set('privateMethod', () => _get('propValue'));
  }

  showProp() {
    return this.get('privateMethod')();
  }
}

let one = new Test({ propValue: 5});
let two = new Test({ propValue: 8});
two.showProp(); // 8
one.showProp(); // 5

请对此提出意见。

另一种方式类似于上两个帖子

class Example {
  constructor(foo) {

    // privates
    const self = this;
    this.foo = foo;

    // public interface
    return self.public;
  }

  public = {
    // empty data
    nodata: { data: [] },
    // noop
    noop: () => {},
  }

  // everything else private
  bar = 10
}

const test = new Example('FOO');
console.log(test.foo); // undefined
console.log(test.noop); // { data: [] }
console.log(test.bar); // undefined

这段代码演示了私有和公共、静态和非静态、实例级和类级、变量、方法和属性。

https://codesandbox.io/s/class-demo-837bj

class Animal { static count = 0 // class static public static #ClassPriVar = 3 // class static private constructor(kind) { this.kind = kind // instance public property Animal.count++ let InstancePriVar = 'InstancePriVar: ' + kind // instance private constructor-var log(InstancePriVar) Animal.#ClassPriVar += 3 this.adhoc = 'adhoc' // instance public property w/out constructor- parameter } #PawCount = 4 // instance private var set Paws(newPawCount) { // instance public prop this.#PawCount = newPawCount } get Paws() { // instance public prop return this.#PawCount } get GetPriVar() { // instance public prop return Animal.#ClassPriVar } static get GetPriVarStat() { // class public prop return Animal.#ClassPriVar } PrintKind() { // instance public method log('kind: ' + this.kind) } ReturnKind() { // instance public function return this.kind } /* May be unsupported get #PrivMeth(){ // instance private prop return Animal.#ClassPriVar + ' Private Method' } static get #PrivMeth(){ // class private prop return Animal.#ClassPriVar + ' Private Method' } */ } function log(str) { console.log(str) } // TESTING log(Animal.count) // static, avail w/out instance log(Animal.GetPriVarStat) // static, avail w/out instance let A = new Animal('Cat') log(Animal.count + ': ' + A.kind) log(A.GetPriVar) A.PrintKind() A.Paws = 6 log('Paws: ' + A.Paws) log('ReturnKind: ' + A.ReturnKind()) log(A.adhoc) let B = new Animal('Dog') log(Animal.count + ': ' + B.kind) log(B.GetPriVar) log(A.GetPriVar) // returns same as B.GetPriVar. Acts like a class-level property, but called like an instance-level property. It's cuz non-stat fx requires instance. log('class: ' + Animal.GetPriVarStat) // undefined log('instance: ' + B.GetPriVarStat) // static class fx log(Animal.GetPriVar) // non-stat instance fx log(A.InstancePriVar) // private log(Animal.InstancePriVar) // private instance var log('PawCount: ' + A.PawCount) // private. Use getter /* log('PawCount: ' + A.#PawCount) // private. Use getter log('PawCount: ' + Animal.#PawCount) // Instance and private. Use getter */