从其文档中定义静态方法和类方法。以及何时使用静态方法和何时使用类方法。

静态方法类似于java和C#中的静态方法，它不会使用类的任何初始化值，只需要从外部进行操作即可。类方法：通常用于继承重写，当我们重写一个方法时，然后使用CLS实例来判断是否要调用子类或父类的方法。以防您希望同时使用同名和不同签名的方法。

静态方法（函数）->方法

Convert a function to be a static method.

A static method does not receive an implicit first argument.
To declare a static method, use this idiom:

     class C:
         @staticmethod
         def f(arg1, arg2, ...):
             ...

It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance
(e.g. C().f()).  The instance is ignored except for its class.

Static methods in Python are similar to those found in Java or C++.
For a more advanced concept, see the classmethod builtin.
"""

classmethod（函数）->方法

Convert a function to be a class method.

A class method receives the class as implicit first argument,
just like an instance method receives the instance.
To declare a class method, use this idiom:

  class C:
      @classmethod
      def f(cls, arg1, arg2, ...):
          ...

It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance
(e.g. C().f()).  The instance is ignored except for its class.
If a class method is called for a derived class, the derived class
object is passed as the implied first argument.

Class methods are different than C++ or Java static methods.
If you want those, see the staticmethod builtin.

关于staticmethod vs classmethod的另一个考虑是继承。假设你有以下课程：

class Foo(object):
    @staticmethod
    def bar():
        return "In Foo"

然后您需要在子类中重写bar（）：

class Foo2(Foo):
    @staticmethod
    def bar():
        return "In Foo2"

这是可行的，但请注意，现在子类（Foo2）中的bar（）实现不能再利用该类特有的任何特性。例如，假设Foo2有一个名为magic（）的方法，您希望在Foo2实现bar（）时使用该方法：

class Foo2(Foo):
    @staticmethod
    def bar():
        return "In Foo2"
    @staticmethod
    def magic():
        return "Something useful you'd like to use in bar, but now can't" 

这里的解决方法是在bar（）中调用Foo2.magic（），但随后您重复自己的操作（如果Foo2的名称发生更改，您必须记住更新bar（）方法）。

对我来说，这稍微违反了开放/封闭原则，因为在Foo中做出的决定会影响您重构派生类中的公共代码的能力（即扩展的开放性较低）。如果bar（）是一个类方法，我们就可以了：

class Foo(object):
    @classmethod
    def bar(cls):
        return "In Foo"

class Foo2(Foo):
    @classmethod
    def bar(cls):
        return "In Foo2 " + cls.magic()
    @classmethod
    def magic(cls):
        return "MAGIC"

print Foo2().bar()

给出：In Foo2 MAGIC

此外：历史笔记：Guido Van Rossum（Python的创建者）曾将静态方法称为“意外”：https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2012-May/014969.html

我们都知道静态方法有多有限。（它们基本上是一个意外——回到Python 2.2时代，当我发明新型类和描述符时，我想实现类方法，但一开始我不理解它们，意外地先实现了静态方法。然后，删除它们，只提供类方法已经太晚了。

也：https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2016-July/041189.html

老实说，staticmethod是一个错误——我试图做一些类似Java类方法的事情，但一旦发布，我发现真正需要的是类方法。但要摆脱静态方法为时已晚。

当存在继承时，就会出现差异。

假设有两个类——父类和子类。如果要使用@staticmethod，print_name方法应该写两次，因为类的名称应该写在打印行中。

class Parent:
   _class_name = "Parent"

   @staticmethod
   def print_name():
       print(Parent._class_name)


class Child(Parent):
   _class_name = "Child"

   @staticmethod
   def print_name():
       print(Child._class_name)


Parent.print_name()
Child.print_name()

但是，对于@classmethod，不需要编写print_name方法两次。

class Parent:
    _class_name = "Parent"

    @classmethod
    def print_name(cls):
        print(cls._class_name)


class Child(Parent):
    _class_name = "Child"


Parent.print_name()
Child.print_name()

也许一些示例代码会有所帮助：注意foo、class_foo和static_foo的调用签名的不同：

class A(object):
    def foo(self, x):
        print(f"executing foo({self}, {x})")

    @classmethod
    def class_foo(cls, x):
        print(f"executing class_foo({cls}, {x})")

    @staticmethod
    def static_foo(x):
        print(f"executing static_foo({x})")

a = A()

下面是对象实例调用方法的常用方法。对象实例a作为第一个参数隐式传递。

a.foo(1)
# executing foo(<__main__.A object at 0xb7dbef0c>, 1)

使用classmethods，对象实例的类作为第一个参数而不是self隐式传递。

a.class_foo(1)
# executing class_foo(<class '__main__.A'>, 1)

也可以使用类调用class_foo。事实上，如果你定义了类方法，这可能是因为您打算从类而不是从类实例调用它。A.foo（1）会引发TypeError，但A.class_foo（1）工作正常：

A.class_foo(1)
# executing class_foo(<class '__main__.A'>, 1)

人们发现类方法的一个用途是创建可继承的替代构造函数。

使用staticmethods，self（对象实例）和cls（类）都不会作为第一个参数隐式传递。它们的行为类似于普通函数，只是您可以从实例或类调用它们：

a.static_foo(1)
# executing static_foo(1)

A.static_foo('hi')
# executing static_foo(hi)

静态方法用于将与类有某种逻辑联系的函数分组到该类。

foo只是一个函数，但当你调用.foo时，你不只是得到函数，您将得到函数的“部分应用”版本，其中对象实例a作为函数的第一个参数。foo需要2个参数，而a.foo只需要1个参数。

a绑定到foo。这就是以下术语“约束”的含义：

print(a.foo)
# <bound method A.foo of <__main__.A object at 0xb7d52f0c>>

对于.class_foo，a不绑定到class_foo，而类a绑定到class-foo。

print(a.class_foo)
# <bound method type.class_foo of <class '__main__.A'>>

这里，对于staticmethod，即使它是一个方法，a.static_foo也只返回一个没有参数约束的好的ole函数。static_foo需要1个参数，并且.static_foo也需要1个参数。

print(a.static_foo)
# <function static_foo at 0xb7d479cc>

当然，当用类A调用static_foo时也会发生同样的情况。

print(A.static_foo)
# <function static_foo at 0xb7d479cc>

从其文档中定义静态方法和类方法。以及何时使用静态方法和何时使用类方法。

静态方法类似于java和C#中的静态方法，它不会使用类的任何初始化值，只需要从外部进行操作即可。类方法：通常用于继承重写，当我们重写一个方法时，然后使用CLS实例来判断是否要调用子类或父类的方法。以防您希望同时使用同名和不同签名的方法。

静态方法（函数）->方法

Convert a function to be a static method.

A static method does not receive an implicit first argument.
To declare a static method, use this idiom:

     class C:
         @staticmethod
         def f(arg1, arg2, ...):
             ...

It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance
(e.g. C().f()).  The instance is ignored except for its class.

Static methods in Python are similar to those found in Java or C++.
For a more advanced concept, see the classmethod builtin.
"""

classmethod（函数）->方法

Convert a function to be a class method.

A class method receives the class as implicit first argument,
just like an instance method receives the instance.
To declare a class method, use this idiom:

  class C:
      @classmethod
      def f(cls, arg1, arg2, ...):
          ...

It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance
(e.g. C().f()).  The instance is ignored except for its class.
If a class method is called for a derived class, the derived class
object is passed as the implied first argument.

Class methods are different than C++ or Java static methods.
If you want those, see the staticmethod builtin.

我的贡献展示了@classmethod、@staticmethod和实例方法之间的区别，包括实例如何间接调用@staticmmethod。但是，与其从实例间接调用@staticmethod，不如将其私有化可能更“Python化”。这里没有演示从私有方法获取内容，但基本上是相同的概念。

#!python3

from os import system
system('cls')
# %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %

class DemoClass(object):
    # instance methods need a class instance and
    # can access the instance through 'self'
    def instance_method_1(self):
        return 'called from inside the instance_method_1()'

    def instance_method_2(self):
        # an instance outside the class indirectly calls the static_method
        return self.static_method() + ' via instance_method_2()'

    # class methods don't need a class instance, they can't access the
    # instance (self) but they have access to the class itself via 'cls'
    @classmethod
    def class_method(cls):
        return 'called from inside the class_method()'

    # static methods don't have access to 'cls' or 'self', they work like
    # regular functions but belong to the class' namespace
    @staticmethod
    def static_method():
        return 'called from inside the static_method()'
# %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %

# works even if the class hasn't been instantiated
print(DemoClass.class_method() + '\n')
''' called from inside the class_method() '''

# works even if the class hasn't been instantiated
print(DemoClass.static_method() + '\n')
''' called from inside the static_method() '''
# %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %   %

# >>>>> all methods types can be called on a class instance <<<<<
# instantiate the class
democlassObj = DemoClass()

# call instance_method_1()
print(democlassObj.instance_method_1() + '\n')
''' called from inside the instance_method_1() '''

# # indirectly call static_method through instance_method_2(), there's really no use
# for this since a @staticmethod can be called whether the class has been
# instantiated or not
print(democlassObj.instance_method_2() + '\n')
''' called from inside the static_method() via instance_method_2() '''

# call class_method()
print(democlassObj.class_method() + '\n')
'''  called from inside the class_method() '''

# call static_method()
print(democlassObj.static_method())
''' called from inside the static_method() '''

"""
# whether the class is instantiated or not, this doesn't work
print(DemoClass.instance_method_1() + '\n')
'''
TypeError: TypeError: unbound method instancemethod() must be called with
DemoClass instance as first argument (got nothing instead)
'''
"""