>>> import random
>>> d = dict(Venezuela = 1, Spain = 2, USA = 3, Italy = 4)
>>> random.choice(d.keys())
'Venezuela'
>>> random.choice(d.keys())
'USA'

通过随机调用。选择字典的键(国家)。

因为最初的帖子想要一对:

import random
d = {'VENEZUELA':'CARACAS', 'CANADA':'TORONTO'}
country, capital = random.choice(list(d.items()))

(python 3风格)

一种方法是:

import random
d = {'VENEZUELA':'CARACAS', 'CANADA':'OTTAWA'}
random.choice(list(d.values()))

编辑:在最初的帖子发布几年后，这个问题被修改了，现在是一对，而不是一个。最后一行现在应该是:

country, capital = random.choice(list(d.items()))

我通过寻找一个相当类似的解决方案找到了这篇文章。如果要从字典中选取多个元素，可以使用:

idx_picks = np.random.choice(len(d), num_of_picks, replace=False) #(Don't pick the same element twice)
result = dict ()
c_keys = [d.keys()] #not so efficient - unfortunately .keys() returns a non-indexable object because dicts are unordered
for i in idx_picks:
    result[c_keys[i]] = d[i]

如果你不想使用random.choice()，你可以尝试这样做:

>>> list(myDictionary)[i]
'VENEZUELA'
>>> myDictionary = {'VENEZUELA':'CARACAS', 'IRAN' : 'TEHRAN'}
>>> import random
>>> i = random.randint(0, len(myDictionary) - 1)
>>> myDictionary[list(myDictionary)[i]]
'TEHRAN'
>>> list(myDictionary)[i]
'IRAN'

这适用于Python 2和Python 3:

随机键:

random.choice(list(d.keys()))

一个随机值

random.choice(list(d.values()))

一个随机键和值

random.choice(list(d.items()))