如何生成列表的所有排列?例如:
permutations([])
[]
permutations([1])
[1]
permutations([1, 2])
[1, 2]
[2, 1]
permutations([1, 2, 3])
[1, 2, 3]
[1, 3, 2]
[2, 1, 3]
[2, 3, 1]
[3, 1, 2]
[3, 2, 1]
如何生成列表的所有排列?例如:
permutations([])
[]
permutations([1])
[1]
permutations([1, 2])
[1, 2]
[2, 1]
permutations([1, 2, 3])
[1, 2, 3]
[1, 3, 2]
[2, 1, 3]
[2, 3, 1]
[3, 1, 2]
[3, 2, 1]
当前回答
#!/usr/bin/env python
def perm(a, k=0):
if k == len(a):
print a
else:
for i in xrange(k, len(a)):
a[k], a[i] = a[i] ,a[k]
perm(a, k+1)
a[k], a[i] = a[i], a[k]
perm([1,2,3])
输出:
[1, 2, 3]
[1, 3, 2]
[2, 1, 3]
[2, 3, 1]
[3, 2, 1]
[3, 1, 2]
当我交换列表的内容时,需要一个可变的序列类型作为输入。例如,烫发(list(“ball”)会起作用,而烫发(“ball”)不会起作用,因为你不能更改字符串。
这种Python实现的灵感来自Horowitz、Sahni和Rajasekeran在《计算机算法》一书中提出的算法。
其他回答
为了节省您可能的搜索和实验时间,下面是Python中的非递归置换解决方案,它也适用于Numba(从0.41版开始):
@numba.njit()
def permutations(A, k):
r = [[i for i in range(0)]]
for i in range(k):
r = [[a] + b for a in A for b in r if (a in b)==False]
return r
permutations([1,2,3],3)
[[1, 2, 3], [1, 3, 2], [2, 1, 3], [2, 3, 1], [3, 1, 2], [3, 2, 1]]
要给人留下绩效印象:
%timeit permutations(np.arange(5),5)
243 µs ± 11.1 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)
time: 406 ms
%timeit list(itertools.permutations(np.arange(5),5))
15.9 µs ± 8.61 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000 loops each)
time: 12.9 s
因此,只有在必须从njit函数调用它时才使用此版本,否则更倾向于itertools实现。
对于Python,我们可以使用itertools并导入排列和组合来解决问题
from itertools import product, permutations
A = ([1,2,3])
print (list(permutations(sorted(A),2)))
此解决方案实现了一个生成器,以避免在内存中保留所有排列:
def permutations (orig_list):
if not isinstance(orig_list, list):
orig_list = list(orig_list)
yield orig_list
if len(orig_list) == 1:
return
for n in sorted(orig_list):
new_list = orig_list[:]
pos = new_list.index(n)
del(new_list[pos])
new_list.insert(0, n)
for resto in permutations(new_list[1:]):
if new_list[:1] + resto <> orig_list:
yield new_list[:1] + resto
该算法是最有效的算法,它避免了递归调用中的数组传递和操作,适用于Python 2、3:
def permute(items):
length = len(items)
def inner(ix=[]):
do_yield = len(ix) == length - 1
for i in range(0, length):
if i in ix: #avoid duplicates
continue
if do_yield:
yield tuple([items[y] for y in ix + [i]])
else:
for p in inner(ix + [i]):
yield p
return inner()
用法:
for p in permute((1,2,3)):
print(p)
(1, 2, 3)
(1, 3, 2)
(2, 1, 3)
(2, 3, 1)
(3, 1, 2)
(3, 2, 1)
另一种解决方案:
def permutation(flag, k =1 ):
N = len(flag)
for i in xrange(0, N):
if flag[i] != 0:
continue
flag[i] = k
if k == N:
print flag
permutation(flag, k+1)
flag[i] = 0
permutation([0, 0, 0])