我使用这种方式（仅限postgresql）：https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/First/last_%28aggregate%29

-- Create a function that always returns the first non-NULL item
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.first_agg ( anyelement, anyelement )
RETURNS anyelement LANGUAGE sql IMMUTABLE STRICT AS $$
        SELECT $1;
$$;

-- And then wrap an aggregate around it
CREATE AGGREGATE public.first (
        sfunc    = public.first_agg,
        basetype = anyelement,
        stype    = anyelement
);

-- Create a function that always returns the last non-NULL item
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.last_agg ( anyelement, anyelement )
RETURNS anyelement LANGUAGE sql IMMUTABLE STRICT AS $$
        SELECT $2;
$$;

-- And then wrap an aggregate around it
CREATE AGGREGATE public.last (
        sfunc    = public.last_agg,
        basetype = anyelement,
        stype    = anyelement
);

那么，您的示例应该大致如下：

SELECT FIRST(id), customer, FIRST(total)
FROM  purchases
GROUP BY customer
ORDER BY FIRST(total) DESC;

CAVEAT：它忽略NULL行

编辑1-改用postgres扩展名

现在我用这种方式：http://pgxn.org/dist/first_last_agg/

要在ubuntu 14.04上安装：

apt-get install postgresql-server-dev-9.3 git build-essential -y
git clone git://github.com/wulczer/first_last_agg.git
cd first_last_app
make && sudo make install
psql -c 'create extension first_last_agg'

它是一个postgres扩展，为您提供第一个和最后一个函数；显然比上述方式更快。

编辑2-排序和筛选

如果使用聚合函数（如以下函数），则可以对结果进行排序，而无需对数据进行排序：

http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-expressions.html#SYNTAX-AGGREGATES

因此，具有排序的等效示例如下：

SELECT first(id order by id), customer, first(total order by id)
  FROM purchases
 GROUP BY customer
 ORDER BY first(total);

当然，您可以根据您认为合适的情况在聚合中进行排序和过滤；这是非常强大的语法。

在支持CTE和窗口功能的数据库上：

WITH summary AS (
    SELECT p.id, 
           p.customer, 
           p.total, 
           ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY p.customer 
                                 ORDER BY p.total DESC) AS rank
      FROM PURCHASES p)
 SELECT *
   FROM summary
 WHERE rank = 1

任何数据库都支持：

但你需要添加逻辑来打破联系：

  SELECT MIN(x.id),  -- change to MAX if you want the highest
         x.customer, 
         x.total
    FROM PURCHASES x
    JOIN (SELECT p.customer,
                 MAX(total) AS max_total
            FROM PURCHASES p
        GROUP BY p.customer) y ON y.customer = x.customer
                              AND y.max_total = x.total
GROUP BY x.customer, x.total

对于SQl Server，最有效的方法是：

with
ids as ( --condition for split table into groups
    select i from (values (9),(12),(17),(18),(19),(20),(22),(21),(23),(10)) as v(i) 
) 
,src as ( 
    select * from yourTable where  <condition> --use this as filter for other conditions
)
,joined as (
    select tops.* from ids 
    cross apply --it`s like for each rows
    (
        select top(1) * 
        from src
        where CommodityId = ids.i 
    ) as tops
)
select * from joined

不要忘记为使用过的列创建聚集索引

我通过窗口函数dbfiddle的方法：

将每组的row_number（）分配给（按agreement_id、order_id划分）为nrow只取组：filter中的第一行（其中nrow=1）

with intermediate as (select 
 *,
 row_number() over ( partition by agreement_id, order_id ) as nrow,
 (sum( suma ) over ( partition by agreement_id, order_id ))::numeric( 10, 2) as order_suma,
from <your table>)

select 
  *,
  sum( order_suma ) filter (where nrow = 1) over (partition by agreement_id)
from intermediate

如果要从聚合行集合中选择任何行（根据特定条件）。如果您想使用除max/min之外的另一个（sum/avg）聚合函数。因此，您不能在DISTINCT ON时使用线索

您可以使用下一个子查询：

SELECT  
    (  
       SELECT **id** FROM t2   
       WHERE id = ANY ( ARRAY_AGG( tf.id ) ) AND amount = MAX( tf.amount )   
    ) id,  
    name,   
    MAX(amount) ma,  
    SUM( ratio )  
FROM t2  tf  
GROUP BY name

您可以将amount=MAX（tf.amount）替换为任何需要的条件，但有一个限制：此子查询不能返回多行

但是如果你想做这样的事情，你可能需要寻找窗口函数

这可以通过MAX FUNCTION on total和GROUP by id和customer轻松实现。

SELECT id, customer, MAX(total) FROM  purchases GROUP BY id, customer
ORDER BY total DESC;