在我的实践中，我个人确定了一个简单的规则——对可复制/可移动的原语和值使用引用，对具有长生命周期的对象使用指针。

对于Node的例子，我肯定会使用

AddChild(Node* pNode);

我的经验法则是:

Use pointers for outgoing or in/out parameters. So it can be seen that the value is going to be changed. (You must use &) Use pointers if NULL parameter is acceptable value. (Make sure it's const if it's an incoming parameter) Use references for incoming parameter if it cannot be NULL and is not a primitive type (const T&). Use pointers or smart pointers when returning a newly created object. Use pointers or smart pointers as struct or class members instead of references. Use references for aliasing (eg. int &current = someArray[i])

无论您使用哪一种，如果参数不明显，请不要忘记记录函数及其参数的含义。

以下是一些指导方针。

函数使用传递的数据而不修改它:

If the data object is small, such as a built-in data type or a small structure, pass it by value. If the data object is an array, use a pointer because that’s your only choice. Make the pointer a pointer to const. If the data object is a good-sized structure, use a const pointer or a const reference to increase program efficiency.You save the time and space needed to copy a structure or a class design. Make the pointer or reference const. If the data object is a class object, use a const reference.The semantics of class design often require using a reference, which is the main reason C++ added this feature.Thus, the standard way to pass class object arguments is by reference.

函数修改调用函数中的数据:

1.如果数据对象是内置数据类型，则使用指针。如果你是现货代码 与fixit(&x)一样，其中x是int型，很明显这个函数打算修改x。

2.如果数据对象是一个数组，则使用唯一的选择:指针。

3.如果数据对象是结构，请使用引用或指针。

4.如果数据对象是类对象，则使用引用。

当然，这些只是指导方针，可能有不同的理由 选择。例如，cin使用基本类型的引用，因此您可以使用cin >> n 而不是cin >> &n。

从 C++ 常见问题精简版 -

Use references when you can, and pointers when you have to. References are usually preferred over pointers whenever you don't need "reseating". This usually means that references are most useful in a class's public interface. References typically appear on the skin of an object, and pointers on the inside. The exception to the above is where a function's parameter or return value needs a "sentinel" reference — a reference that does not refer to an object. This is usually best done by returning/taking a pointer, and giving the NULL pointer this special significance (references must always alias objects, not a dereferenced NULL pointer). Note: Old line C programmers sometimes don't like references since they provide reference semantics that isn't explicit in the caller's code. After some C++ experience, however, one quickly realizes this is a form of information hiding, which is an asset rather than a liability. E.g., programmers should write code in the language of the problem rather than the language of the machine.

正确编写的示例应该如下所示

void add_one(int& n) { n += 1; }
void add_one(int* const n)
{
  if (n)
    *n += 1;
}

这就是为什么推荐信在可能的情况下更可取 .．.

免责声明:除了引用不能为NULL或“反弹”(意味着它们不能改变它们是别名的对象)这一事实之外，它真的归结为一个品味问题，所以我不会说“这更好”。

也就是说，我不同意你在文章中最后的说法，因为我不认为代码在引用中失去了清晰度。在你的例子中，

add_one(&a);

可能会更清楚

add_one(a);

因为你知道a的值很可能会改变。另一方面，函数的签名

void add_one(int* const n);

也不太清楚n是单个整数还是数组?有时您只能访问(文档记录不佳的)头文件和签名

foo(int* const a, int b);

乍一看不容易理解。

在我看来，当不需要(重新)分配或重新绑定(在前面解释的意义上)时，引用和指针一样好。此外，如果开发人员只对数组使用指针，那么函数签名就不会那么模糊。更不用说使用引用的操作符语法可读性更强了。