我用c++写了一个程序来寻找ab = C的所有解,其中a, b和C一起使用所有的数字0-9,只使用一次。程序循环遍历a和b的值,并每次对a、b和ab运行数字计数例程,以检查是否满足数字条件。

但是,当ab超出整数限制时,会产生伪解。我最终使用如下代码来检查这个:

unsigned long b, c, c_test;
...
c_test=c*b;         // Possible overflow
if (c_test/b != c) {/* There has been an overflow*/}
else c=c_test;      // No overflow

是否有更好的方法来测试溢出?我知道有些芯片有一个内部标志,在溢出发生时设置,但我从未见过通过C或c++访问它。


注意,有符号int溢出在C和c++中是未定义的行为,因此您必须在不实际引起它的情况下检测它。对于加法前的有符号整型溢出,请参见在C/ c++中检测有符号溢出。


当前回答

一种简单的方法是重写所有操作符(特别是+和*),并在执行操作之前检查是否有溢出。

其他回答

I see that a lot of people answered the question about overflow, but I wanted to address his original problem. He said the problem was to find ab=c such that all digits are used without repeating. Ok, that's not what he asked in this post, but I'm still think that it was necessary to study the upper bound of the problem and conclude that he would never need to calculate or detect an overflow (note: I'm not proficient in math so I did this step by step, but the end result was so simple that this might have a simple formula).

重点是问题要求的a b c的上限是98.765.432。不管怎样,先把问题分成琐碎部分和非琐碎部分:

X0 == 1(9、8、7、6、5、4、3、2的所有排列都是解) X1 == x(无解) 0b == 0(不可能解) 1b == 1(无解) Ab, a > 1, b > 1(非平凡)

Now we just need to show that no other solution is possible and only the permutations are valid (and then the code to print them is trivial). We go back to the upper bound. Actually the upper bound is c ≤ 98.765.432. It's the upper bound because it's the largest number with 8 digits (10 digits total minus 1 for each a and b). This upper bound is only for c because the bounds for a and b must be much lower because of the exponential growth, as we can calculate, varying b from 2 to the upper bound:

    9938.08^2 == 98765432
    462.241^3 == 98765432
    99.6899^4 == 98765432
    39.7119^5 == 98765432
    21.4998^6 == 98765432
    13.8703^7 == 98765432
    9.98448^8 == 98765432
    7.73196^9 == 98765432
    6.30174^10 == 98765432
    5.33068^11 == 98765432
    4.63679^12 == 98765432
    4.12069^13 == 98765432
    3.72429^14 == 98765432
    3.41172^15 == 98765432
    3.15982^16 == 98765432
    2.95305^17 == 98765432
    2.78064^18 == 98765432
    2.63493^19 == 98765432
    2.51033^20 == 98765432
    2.40268^21 == 98765432
    2.30883^22 == 98765432
    2.22634^23 == 98765432
    2.15332^24 == 98765432
    2.08826^25 == 98765432
    2.02995^26 == 98765432
    1.97741^27 == 98765432

注意,例如最后一行:它说1.97^27 ~98M。因此,例如,1^27 == 1和2^27 == 134.217.728,这不是一个解决方案,因为它有9位数字(2 > 1.97,所以它实际上比应该测试的要大)。可以看到,用于测试a和b的组合非常小。对于b == 14,我们需要尝试2和3。对于b == 3,我们从2开始,到462结束。结果均小于~98M。

现在只需测试以上所有的组合,找出不重复任何数字的组合:

    ['0', '2', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8'] 84^2 = 7056
    ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '8', '9'] 59^2 = 3481
    ['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '8', '9'] 59^2 = 3481 (+leading zero)
    ['1', '2', '3', '5', '8'] 8^3 = 512
    ['0', '1', '2', '3', '5', '8'] 8^3 = 512 (+leading zero)
    ['1', '2', '4', '6'] 4^2 = 16
    ['0', '1', '2', '4', '6'] 4^2 = 16 (+leading zero)
    ['1', '2', '4', '6'] 2^4 = 16
    ['0', '1', '2', '4', '6'] 2^4 = 16 (+leading zero)
    ['1', '2', '8', '9'] 9^2 = 81
    ['0', '1', '2', '8', '9'] 9^2 = 81 (+leading zero)
    ['1', '3', '4', '8'] 3^4 = 81
    ['0', '1', '3', '4', '8'] 3^4 = 81 (+leading zero)
    ['2', '3', '6', '7', '9'] 3^6 = 729
    ['0', '2', '3', '6', '7', '9'] 3^6 = 729 (+leading zero)
    ['2', '3', '8'] 2^3 = 8
    ['0', '2', '3', '8'] 2^3 = 8 (+leading zero)
    ['2', '3', '9'] 3^2 = 9
    ['0', '2', '3', '9'] 3^2 = 9 (+leading zero)
    ['2', '4', '6', '8'] 8^2 = 64
    ['0', '2', '4', '6', '8'] 8^2 = 64 (+leading zero)
    ['2', '4', '7', '9'] 7^2 = 49
    ['0', '2', '4', '7', '9'] 7^2 = 49 (+leading zero)

没有一个匹配问题(这也可以通过缺少'0','1',…“9”)。

下面是解决该问题的示例代码。还要注意,这是用Python编写的,不是因为它需要任意精确整数(代码不会计算任何大于9800万的数字),而是因为我们发现测试的数量非常少,所以我们应该使用高级语言来利用其内置的容器和库(还要注意:代码有28行)。

    import math

    m = 98765432
    l = []
    for i in xrange(2, 98765432):
        inv = 1.0/i
        r = m**inv
        if (r < 2.0): break
        top = int(math.floor(r))
        assert(top <= m)

        for j in xrange(2, top+1):
            s = str(i) + str(j) + str(j**i)
            l.append((sorted(s), i, j, j**i))
            assert(j**i <= m)

    l.sort()
    for s, i, j, ji in l:
        assert(ji <= m)
        ss = sorted(set(s))
        if s == ss:
            print '%s %d^%d = %d' % (s, i, j, ji)

        # Try with non significant zero somewhere
        s = ['0'] + s
        ss = sorted(set(s))
        if s == ss:
            print '%s %d^%d = %d (+leading zero)' % (s, i, j, ji)

这取决于你用它来做什么。 执行无符号长(DWORD)加法或乘法时,最佳解决方案是使用ULARGE_INTEGER。

ULARGE_INTEGER是一个由两个dword组成的结构。全部价值 可以访问为“QuadPart”,而高DWORD访问 作为“HighPart”,低DWORD作为“LowPart”访问。

例如:

DWORD
My Addition(DWORD Value_A, DWORD Value_B)
{
    ULARGE_INTEGER a, b;

    b.LowPart = Value_A;  // A 32 bit value(up to 32 bit)
    b.HighPart = 0;
    a.LowPart = Value_B;  // A 32 bit value(up to 32 bit)
    a.HighPart = 0;

    a.QuadPart += b.QuadPart;

    // If  a.HighPart
    // Then a.HighPart contains the overflow (carry)

    return (a.LowPart + a.HighPart)

    // Any overflow is stored in a.HighPart (up to 32 bits)

尝试这个宏来测试32位机器的溢出位(改编自Angel Sinigersky的解决方案)

#define overflowflag(isOverflow){   \
size_t eflags;                      \
asm ("pushfl ;"                     \
     "pop %%eax"                    \
    : "=a" (eflags));               \
isOverflow = (eflags >> 11) & 1;}

我将其定义为宏,因为否则溢出位将被覆盖。

下面是上面代码段的一个小应用程序:

#include <cstddef>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <conio.h>
#if defined( _MSC_VER )
#include <intrin.h>
#include <oskit/x86>
#endif

using namespace std;

#define detectOverflow(isOverflow){     \
size_t eflags;                      \
asm ("pushfl ;"                     \
    "pop %%eax"                     \
    : "=a" (eflags));               \
isOverflow = (eflags >> 11) & 1;}

int main(int argc, char **argv) {

    bool endTest = false;
    bool isOverflow;

    do {
        cout << "Enter two intergers" << endl;
        int x = 0;
        int y = 0;
        cin.clear();
        cin >> x >> y;
        int z = x * y;
        detectOverflow(isOverflow)
        printf("\nThe result is: %d", z);
        if (!isOverflow) {
            std::cout << ": no overflow occured\n" << std::endl;
        } else {
            std::cout << ": overflow occured\n" << std::endl;
        }

        z = x * x * y;
        detectOverflow(isOverflow)
        printf("\nThe result is: %d", z);
        if (!isOverflow) {
            std::cout << ": no overflow ocurred\n" << std::endl;
        } else {
            std::cout << ": overflow occured\n" << std::endl;
        }

        cout << "Do you want to stop? (Enter \"y\" or \"Y)" << endl;

        char c = 0;

        do {
            c = getchar();
        } while ((c == '\n') && (c != EOF));

        if (c == 'y' || c == 'Y') {
            endTest = true;
        }

        do {
            c = getchar();
        } while ((c != '\n') && (c != EOF));

    } while (!endTest);
}

另一种使用汇编语言的解决方案是外部过程。下面是在Linux x64下使用g++和fasm进行无符号整数乘法的示例。

这个过程将两个无符号整数参数相乘(32位)(根据amd64的规范(第3.2.3节参数传递)。

如果类为INTEGER,则使用序列%rdi、%rsi、%rdx、%rcx、%r8和%r9的下一个可用寄存器

(edi和esi寄存器在我的代码)),并返回结果或0,如果发生溢出。

format ELF64

section '.text' executable

public u_mul

u_mul:
  MOV eax, edi
  mul esi
  jnc u_mul_ret
  xor eax, eax
u_mul_ret:
ret

测试:

extern "C" unsigned int u_mul(const unsigned int a, const unsigned int b);

int main() {
    printf("%u\n", u_mul(4000000000,2)); // 0
    printf("%u\n", u_mul(UINT_MAX/2,2)); // OK
    return 0;
}

将程序链接到asm对象文件。在我的例子中,在Qt Creator中将它添加到一个.pro文件中的LIBS中。

最简单的方法是将unsigned long转换为unsigned long,进行乘法运算,并将结果与0x100000000LL进行比较。

你可能会发现这比你在例子中做除法更有效。

哦,它在C和c++中都可以工作(因为你已经用这两种语言标记了问题)。


我在看glibc手册。这里提到了整数溢出陷阱(FPE_INTOVF_TRAP)作为SIGFPE的一部分。这将是理想的,除了手册中令人讨厌的部分:

FPE_INTOVF_TRAP 整数溢出(在C程序中不可能,除非您以特定于硬件的方式启用溢出捕获)。

真的有点遗憾。