如果可以接受异常，任何简单的约束都可以完成这项工作。例子:

如果不是代理则是主键 列上的唯一约束 多列唯一约束

如果这看起来很简单，我很抱歉。我知道面对你和我们分享的链接看起来很糟糕。, (

但我还是给出了这个答案，因为它似乎满足了你的需要。(如果不是，它可能会触发您更新您的需求，这也是“一件好事”(TM))。

如果插入会破坏数据库唯一约束，则在数据库级别抛出异常，由驱动程序转发。它肯定会因为失败而停止您的脚本。它必须有可能在PHP中解决这种情况…

使用INSERT IGNORE INTO表。

还有INSERT…ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE语法，你可以在13.2.6.2 INSERT…打开重复的键更新语句。

根据谷歌的webcache，帖子来自bogdan.org.ua:

18th October 2007 To start: as of the latest MySQL, syntax presented in the title is not possible. But there are several very easy ways to accomplish what is expected using existing functionality. There are 3 possible solutions: using INSERT IGNORE, REPLACE, or INSERT … ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE. Imagine we have a table: CREATE TABLE `transcripts` ( `ensembl_transcript_id` varchar(20) NOT NULL, `transcript_chrom_start` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL, `transcript_chrom_end` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`ensembl_transcript_id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1; Now imagine that we have an automatic pipeline importing transcripts meta-data from Ensembl, and that due to various reasons the pipeline might be broken at any step of execution. Thus, we need to ensure two things:

反复执行的管道不会破坏我们的 >数据库

repeated executions will not die due to ‘duplicate > primary key’ errors. Method 1: using REPLACE It’s very simple: REPLACE INTO `transcripts` SET `ensembl_transcript_id` = 'ENSORGT00000000001', `transcript_chrom_start` = 12345, `transcript_chrom_end` = 12678; If the record exists, it will be overwritten; if it does not yet exist, it will be created. However, using this method isn’t efficient for our case: we do not need to overwrite existing records, it’s fine just to skip them. Method 2: using INSERT IGNORE Also very simple: INSERT IGNORE INTO `transcripts` SET `ensembl_transcript_id` = 'ENSORGT00000000001', `transcript_chrom_start` = 12345, `transcript_chrom_end` = 12678; Here, if the ‘ensembl_transcript_id’ is already present in the database, it will be silently skipped (ignored). (To be more precise, here’s a quote from MySQL reference manual: “If you use the IGNORE keyword, errors that occur while executing the INSERT statement are treated as warnings instead. For example, without IGNORE, a row that duplicates an existing UNIQUE index or PRIMARY KEY value in the table causes a duplicate-key error and the statement is aborted.”.) If the record doesn’t yet exist, it will be created. This second method has several potential weaknesses, including non-abortion of the query in case any other problem occurs (see the manual). Thus it should be used if previously tested without the IGNORE keyword. Method 3: using INSERT … ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE: Third option is to use INSERT … ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE syntax, and in the UPDATE part just do nothing do some meaningless (empty) operation, like calculating 0+0 (Geoffray suggests doing the id=id assignment for the MySQL optimization engine to ignore this operation). Advantage of this method is that it only ignores duplicate key events, and still aborts on other errors. As a final notice: this post was inspired by Xaprb. I’d also advise to consult his other post on writing flexible SQL queries.

在MySQL中，ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE或INSERT IGNORE可以是可行的解决方案。

一个基于mysql.com的ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE更新示例:

INSERT INTO table (a,b,c) VALUES (1,2,3)
  ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE c=c+1;

UPDATE table SET c=c+1 WHERE a=1;

一个基于mysql.com的INSERT IGNORE示例

INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED | HIGH_PRIORITY] [IGNORE]
    [INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)]
    {VALUES | VALUE} ({expr | DEFAULT},...),(...),...
    [ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
      col_name=expr
        [, col_name=expr] ... ]

Or:

INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED | HIGH_PRIORITY] [IGNORE]
    [INTO] tbl_name
    SET col_name={expr | DEFAULT}, ...
    [ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
      col_name=expr
        [, col_name=expr] ... ]

Or:

INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | HIGH_PRIORITY] [IGNORE]
    [INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)]
    SELECT ...
    [ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
      col_name=expr
        [, col_name=expr] ... ]

解决方案:

INSERT INTO `table` (`value1`, `value2`) 
SELECT 'stuff for value1', 'stuff for value2' FROM DUAL 
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM `table` 
      WHERE `value1`='stuff for value1' AND `value2`='stuff for value2' LIMIT 1) 

解释:

最里面的查询

SELECT * FROM `table` 
      WHERE `value1`='stuff for value1' AND `value2`='stuff for value2' LIMIT 1

用作WHERE NOT exists -条件检测是否已经存在要插入数据的行。在找到这样的一行之后，查询可能会停止，因此LIMIT 1(微优化，可以省略)。

中间查询

SELECT 'stuff for value1', 'stuff for value2' FROM DUAL

表示要插入的值。DUAL指的是一个特殊的单行一列表，默认存在于所有Oracle数据库中(参见https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DUAL_table)。在MySQL-Server 5.7.26版本中，当省略FROM DUAL时，我得到了一个有效的查询，但旧版本(如5.5.60)似乎需要FROM信息。通过使用WHERE NOT EXISTS，如果最里面的查询找到匹配的数据，中间查询将返回一个空结果集。

外部查询

INSERT INTO `table` (`value1`, `value2`) 

插入中间查询返回的数据(如果有)。

下面是一个PHP函数，它只在表中不存在所有指定列的值时插入一行。

If one of the columns differ, the row will be added. If the table is empty, the row will be added. If a row exists where all the specified columns have the specified values, the row won't be added. function insert_unique($table, $vars) { if (count($vars)) { $table = mysql_real_escape_string($table); $vars = array_map('mysql_real_escape_string', $vars); $req = "INSERT INTO `$table` (`". join('`, `', array_keys($vars)) ."`) "; $req .= "SELECT '". join("', '", $vars) ."' FROM DUAL "; $req .= "WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM `$table` WHERE "; foreach ($vars AS $col => $val) $req .= "`$col`='$val' AND "; $req = substr($req, 0, -5) . ") LIMIT 1"; $res = mysql_query($req) OR die(); return mysql_insert_id(); } return False; }

使用示例:

<?php
  insert_unique('mytable', array(
    'mycolumn1' => 'myvalue1',
    'mycolumn2' => 'myvalue2',
    'mycolumn3' => 'myvalue3'
    )
  );
?>

REPLACE INTO `transcripts`
SET `ensembl_transcript_id` = 'ENSORGT00000000001',
`transcript_chrom_start` = 12345,
`transcript_chrom_end` = 12678;

如果该记录存在，它将被覆盖;如果它还不存在，将创建它。

试试下面的方法:

IF (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM beta WHERE name = 'John' > 0)
  UPDATE alfa SET c1=(SELECT id FROM beta WHERE name = 'John')
ELSE
BEGIN
  INSERT INTO beta (name) VALUES ('John')
  INSERT INTO alfa (c1) VALUES (LAST_INSERT_ID())
END

有几个答案，涵盖如何解决这个问题，如果你有一个唯一的索引，你可以检查与ON DUPLICATE KEY或插入忽略。但情况并非总是如此，由于UNIQUE有长度限制(1000字节)，您可能无法更改它。例如，我必须在WordPress中使用元数据(wp_postmeta)。

最后我用两个问题解决了这个问题:

UPDATE wp_postmeta SET meta_value = ? WHERE meta_key = ? AND post_id = ?;
INSERT INTO wp_postmeta (post_id, meta_key, meta_value) SELECT DISTINCT ?, ?, ? FROM wp_postmeta WHERE NOT EXISTS(SELECT * FROM wp_postmeta WHERE meta_key = ? AND post_id = ?);

查询1是一个常规的UPDATE查询，当相关数据集不存在时没有任何影响。查询2是一个依赖于NOT EXISTS的INSERT，即只有当数据集不存在时才执行INSERT。

值得注意的是，INSERT IGNORE仍然会增加主键，不管语句是否成功，就像普通的INSERT一样。

这将导致主键之间的间隙，可能会使程序员精神不稳定。或者如果您的应用程序设计得很差，并且依赖于完美的增量主键，这可能会成为一个令人头痛的问题。

查看innodb_autoinc_lock_mode = 0(服务器设置，会有轻微的性能损失)，或者先使用SELECT以确保查询不会失败(这也会有性能损失和额外的代码)。

在没有已知主键的情况下更新或插入

如果你已经有一个唯一的或主键，其他的答案是INSERT INTO…重复密钥更新…或REPLACE INTO…应该工作正常(请注意，如果存在则将replace转换为delete，然后插入-因此不会部分更新现有值)。

但是，如果您有some_column_id和some_type的值，它们的组合已知是唯一的。如果some_value存在，则更新，如果不存在则插入。而且您希望在一个查询中完成它(以避免使用事务)。这可能是一个解决方案:

INSERT INTO my_table (id, some_column_id, some_type, some_value)
SELECT t.id, t.some_column_id, t.some_type, t.some_value
FROM (
    SELECT id, some_column_id, some_type, some_value
    FROM my_table
    WHERE some_column_id = ? AND some_type = ?
    UNION ALL
    SELECT s.id, s.some_column_id, s.some_type, s.some_value
    FROM (SELECT NULL AS id, ? AS some_column_id, ? AS some_type, ? AS some_value) AS s
) AS t
LIMIT 1
ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
some_value = ?

基本上，查询是这样执行的(没有看起来那么复杂):

Select an existing row via the WHERE clause match. Union that result with a potential new row (table s), where the column values are explicitly given (s.id is NULL, so it will generate a new auto-increment identifier). If an existing row is found, then the potential new row from table s is discarded (due to LIMIT 1 on table t), and it will always trigger an ON DUPLICATE KEY which will UPDATE the some_value column. If an existing row is not found, then the potential new row is inserted (as given by table s).

注意:关系数据库中的每个表都应该至少有一个主自动递增id列。如果你没有这个，那就加进去，即使你第一眼不需要。这绝对是这个“把戏”所需要的。

INSERT INTO table_name (columns) VALUES (values) ON CONFLICT (id) DO NOTHING;