这段代码演示了私有和公共、静态和非静态、实例级和类级、变量、方法和属性。

https://codesandbox.io/s/class-demo-837bj

class Animal { static count = 0 // class static public static #ClassPriVar = 3 // class static private constructor(kind) { this.kind = kind // instance public property Animal.count++ let InstancePriVar = 'InstancePriVar: ' + kind // instance private constructor-var log(InstancePriVar) Animal.#ClassPriVar += 3 this.adhoc = 'adhoc' // instance public property w/out constructor- parameter } #PawCount = 4 // instance private var set Paws(newPawCount) { // instance public prop this.#PawCount = newPawCount } get Paws() { // instance public prop return this.#PawCount } get GetPriVar() { // instance public prop return Animal.#ClassPriVar } static get GetPriVarStat() { // class public prop return Animal.#ClassPriVar } PrintKind() { // instance public method log('kind: ' + this.kind) } ReturnKind() { // instance public function return this.kind } /* May be unsupported get #PrivMeth(){ // instance private prop return Animal.#ClassPriVar + ' Private Method' } static get #PrivMeth(){ // class private prop return Animal.#ClassPriVar + ' Private Method' } */ } function log(str) { console.log(str) } // TESTING log(Animal.count) // static, avail w/out instance log(Animal.GetPriVarStat) // static, avail w/out instance let A = new Animal('Cat') log(Animal.count + ': ' + A.kind) log(A.GetPriVar) A.PrintKind() A.Paws = 6 log('Paws: ' + A.Paws) log('ReturnKind: ' + A.ReturnKind()) log(A.adhoc) let B = new Animal('Dog') log(Animal.count + ': ' + B.kind) log(B.GetPriVar) log(A.GetPriVar) // returns same as B.GetPriVar. Acts like a class-level property, but called like an instance-level property. It's cuz non-stat fx requires instance. log('class: ' + Animal.GetPriVarStat) // undefined log('instance: ' + B.GetPriVarStat) // static class fx log(Animal.GetPriVar) // non-stat instance fx log(A.InstancePriVar) // private log(Animal.InstancePriVar) // private instance var log('PawCount: ' + A.PawCount) // private. Use getter /* log('PawCount: ' + A.#PawCount) // private. Use getter log('PawCount: ' + Animal.#PawCount) // Instance and private. Use getter */

大多数答案要么说不可能，要么要求你使用WeakMap或Symbol，这是ES6的特性，可能需要腻子。然而，还有另一种方法!看看这个:

// 1. Create closure var SomeClass = function() { // 2. Create `key` inside a closure var key = {}; // Function to create private storage var private = function() { var obj = {}; // return Function to access private storage using `key` return function(testkey) { if(key === testkey) return obj; // If `key` is wrong, then storage cannot be accessed console.error('Cannot access private properties'); return undefined; }; }; var SomeClass = function() { // 3. Create private storage this._ = private(); // 4. Access private storage using the `key` this._(key).priv_prop = 200; }; SomeClass.prototype.test = function() { console.log(this._(key).priv_prop); // Using property from prototype }; return SomeClass; }(); // Can access private property from within prototype var instance = new SomeClass(); instance.test(); // `200` logged // Cannot access private property from outside of the closure var wrong_key = {}; instance._(wrong_key); // undefined; error logged

我称这个方法为accessor pattern。基本思想是我们有一个闭包，闭包中有一个键，我们创建一个私有对象(在构造函数中)，只有当你拥有键时才能访问它。

如果你感兴趣，你可以在我的文章中阅读更多有关这方面的内容。使用此方法，可以为每个对象创建不能在闭包外部访问的属性。因此，你可以在构造函数或原型中使用它们，但不能在其他任何地方使用。我还没有在任何地方见过这种方法，但我认为它真的很强大。

我现在听到的建议是使用WeakMaps来保存私人数据，以供其他看客参考。

下面是一个更清晰、有效的例子:

function storePrivateProperties(a, b, c, d) {
  let privateData = new WeakMap;
  // unique object as key, weak map can only accept object as key, when key is no longer referened, garbage collector claims the key-value 
  let keyA = {}, keyB = {}, keyC = {}, keyD = {};

  privateData.set(keyA, a);
  privateData.set(keyB, b);
  privateData.set(keyC, c);
  privateData.set(keyD, d);

  return {
    logPrivateKey(key) {
      switch(key) {
      case "a":
        console.log(privateData.get(keyA));
        break;
      case "b":
        console.log(privateData.get(keyB));
        break;
      case "c":
        console.log(privateData.get(keyC));
        break;
      case "d":
        console.log(privateData.set(keyD));
        break;
      default:
        console.log(`There is no value for ${key}`)
      }
    }
  }
}

来这个派对很晚，但我在搜索中碰到了OP问题，所以… 是的，您可以通过将类声明包装在闭包中来拥有私有属性

这里有一个我如何在这个代码依赖中拥有私有方法的例子。在下面的代码片段中，Subscribable类有两个“私有”函数process和processCallbacks。任何属性都可以以这种方式添加，并且通过使用闭包将它们保持为私有。如果关注点被很好地分离，并且Javascript不需要通过添加更多的语法而变得臃肿，当闭包整齐地完成工作时，隐私是一个罕见的需求。

const Subscribable = (function(){

  const process = (self, eventName, args) => {
    self.processing.set(eventName, setTimeout(() => processCallbacks(self, eventName, args)))};

  const processCallbacks = (self, eventName, args) => {
    if (self.callingBack.get(eventName).length > 0){
      const [nextCallback, ...callingBack] = self.callingBack.get(eventName);
      self.callingBack.set(eventName, callingBack);
      process(self, eventName, args);
      nextCallback(...args)}
    else {
      delete self.processing.delete(eventName)}};

  return class {
    constructor(){
      this.callingBack = new Map();
      this.processing = new Map();
      this.toCallbacks = new Map()}

    subscribe(eventName, callback){
      const callbacks = this.unsubscribe(eventName, callback);
      this.toCallbacks.set(eventName,  [...callbacks, callback]);
      return () => this.unsubscribe(eventName, callback)}  // callable to unsubscribe for convenience

    unsubscribe(eventName, callback){
      let callbacks = this.toCallbacks.get(eventName) || [];
      callbacks = callbacks.filter(subscribedCallback => subscribedCallback !== callback);
      if (callbacks.length > 0) {
        this.toCallbacks.set(eventName, callbacks)}
      else {
        this.toCallbacks.delete(eventName)}
      return callbacks}

    emit(eventName, ...args){
      this.callingBack.set(eventName, this.toCallbacks.get(eventName) || []);
      if (!this.processing.has(eventName)){
        process(this, eventName, args)}}}})();

我喜欢这种方法，因为它很好地分离了关注点，并保持了真正的私密性。唯一的缺点是需要使用'self'(或类似的东西)在私有内容中引用'this'。

是的，在名称前面加上#，并将其包含在类定义中，而不仅仅是构造函数中。

MDN文档

真正的私人财产终于在ES2022中加入。截至2023-01-01，私有属性(字段和方法)在所有主要浏览器中已经支持至少一年了，但5-10%的用户仍然使用旧的浏览器[我可以使用吗]。

例子:

class Person {
  #age

  constructor(name) {
    this.name = name; // this is public
    this.#age = 20; // this is private
  }

  greet() {
    // here we can access both name and age
    console.log(`name: ${this.name}, age: ${this.#age}`);
  }
}

let joe = new Person('Joe');
joe.greet();

// here we can access name but not age

以下是在es2022之前的环境中保持属性私有的方法，其中有各种权衡。

作用域的变量

这里的方法是使用构造函数的私有作用域来存储私有数据。对于能够访问这些私有数据的方法，它们也必须在构造函数中创建，这意味着您将在每个实例中重新创建它们。这是一个性能和内存损失，但它可能是可以接受的。对于不需要访问私有数据的方法，可以通过以正常方式声明它们来避免这种惩罚。

例子:

class Person {
  constructor(name) {
    let age = 20; // this is private
    this.name = name; // this is public

    this.greet = () => {
      // here we can access both name and age
      console.log(`name: ${this.name}, age: ${age}`);
    };
  }

  anotherMethod() {
    // here we can access name but not age
  }
}

let joe = new Person('Joe');
joe.greet();

// here we can access name but not age

作用域WeakMap

A WeakMap can be used to improve the performance of the above approach, in exchange for even more clutter. WeakMaps associate data with Objects (here, class instances) in such a way that it can only be accessed using that WeakMap. So, we use the scoped variables method to create a private WeakMap, then use that WeakMap to retrieve private data associated with this. This is faster than the scoped variables method because all your instances can share a single WeakMap, so you don't need to recreate methods just to make them access their own WeakMaps.

例子:

let Person = (function () {
  let privateProps = new WeakMap();

  return class Person {
    constructor(name) {
      this.name = name; // this is public
      privateProps.set(this, {age: 20}); // this is private
    }

    greet() {
      // Here we can access both name and age
      console.log(`name: ${this.name}, age: ${privateProps.get(this).age}`);
    }
  };
})();

let joe = new Person('Joe');
joe.greet();

// here we can access name but not age

这个例子使用一个带有对象键的WeakMap来为多个私有属性使用一个WeakMap;你也可以像privateAge一样使用多个弱地图。set(this, 20)，或者写一个小包装器并以另一种方式使用它，如privateProps。Set (this， 'age'， 0)。

这种方法的私密性理论上可以通过篡改全局WeakMap对象来破坏。也就是说，所有JavaScript都可能被损坏的全局变量破坏。

(这个方法也可以用Map，但WeakMap更好，因为Map会造成内存泄漏，除非你非常小心，在这个目的上，两者并没有什么不同。)

半回答:范围符号

Symbol是一种基本值类型，可以作为属性名而不是字符串。您可以使用scoped变量方法来创建一个私有Symbol，然后将私有数据存储在这个[mySymbol]中。

使用Object可以破坏该方法的私密性。getOwnPropertySymbols，但是这样做有点尴尬。

例子:

let Person = (() => {
  let ageKey = Symbol();

  return class Person {
    constructor(name) {
      this.name = name; // this is public
      this[ageKey] = 20; // this is intended to be private
    }

    greet() {
      // Here we can access both name and age
      console.log(`name: ${this.name}, age: ${this[ageKey]}`);
    }
  }
})();

let joe = new Person('Joe');
joe.greet();

// Here we can access joe's name and, with a little effort, age. We can’t
// access ageKey directly, but we can obtain it by listing all Symbol
// properties on `joe` with `Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(joe)`.

注意，使用Object.defineProperty使属性不可枚举并不会阻止它被包含在Object.getOwnPropertySymbols中。

Half-Answer:强调

旧的约定是只使用带有下划线前缀的公共属性。这并没有使它保持隐私，但它确实很好地与读者沟通，他们应该将其视为隐私，这通常可以完成工作。作为交换，我们得到了一种比其他变通方法更容易阅读、更容易输入和更快的方法。

例子:

class Person {
  constructor(name) {
    this.name = name; // this is public
    this._age = 20; // this is intended to be private
  }

  greet() {
    // Here we can access both name and age
    console.log(`name: ${this.name}, age: ${this._age}`);
  }
}

let joe = new Person('Joe');
joe.greet();

// Here we can access both joe's name and age. But we know we aren't
// supposed to access his age, which just might stop us.

总结

ES2022:很棒，但还不是所有访问者都支持 作用域变量:私有、较慢、笨拙 作用域弱映射:可攻击，尴尬 范围符号:可枚举和可破解，有点尴尬 强调:只是要求隐私，没有其他缺点

这取决于你问谁:-)

最大最小类提案中没有包含私有属性修饰符，这似乎已经进入了当前的草案。

但是，可能会支持私有名称，它允许私有属性—而且它们可能也可以用于类定义中。