我如何确定两条直线是否相交,如果相交,在x,y点处?


当前回答

这是基于Gareth Ree的回答。它还返回线段重叠的情况。用c++编写的V是一个简单的向量类。其中二维中两个向量的外积返回一个标量。通过了学校自动测试系统的测试。

//Required input point must be colinear with the line
bool on_segment(const V& p, const LineSegment& l)
{
    //If a point is on the line, the sum of the vectors formed by the point to the line endpoints must be equal
    V va = p - l.pa;
    V vb = p - l.pb;
    R ma = va.magnitude();
    R mb = vb.magnitude();
    R ml = (l.pb - l.pa).magnitude();
    R s = ma + mb;
    bool r = s <= ml + epsilon;
    return r;
}

//Compute using vector math
// Returns 0 points if the lines do not intersect or overlap
// Returns 1 point if the lines intersect
//  Returns 2 points if the lines overlap, contain the points where overlapping start starts and stop
std::vector<V> intersect(const LineSegment& la, const LineSegment& lb)
{
    std::vector<V> r;

    //http://stackoverflow.com/questions/563198/how-do-you-detect-where-two-line-segments-intersect
    V oa, ob, da, db; //Origin and direction vectors
    R sa, sb; //Scalar values
    oa = la.pa;
    da = la.pb - la.pa;
    ob = lb.pa;
    db = lb.pb - lb.pa;

    if (da.cross(db) == 0 && (ob - oa).cross(da) == 0) //If colinear
    {
        if (on_segment(lb.pa, la) && on_segment(lb.pb, la))
        {
            r.push_back(lb.pa);
            r.push_back(lb.pb);
            dprintf("colinear, overlapping\n");
            return r;
        }

        if (on_segment(la.pa, lb) && on_segment(la.pb, lb))
        {
            r.push_back(la.pa);
            r.push_back(la.pb);
            dprintf("colinear, overlapping\n");
            return r;
        }

        if (on_segment(la.pa, lb))
            r.push_back(la.pa);

        if (on_segment(la.pb, lb))
            r.push_back(la.pb);

        if (on_segment(lb.pa, la))
            r.push_back(lb.pa);

        if (on_segment(lb.pb, la))
            r.push_back(lb.pb);

        if (r.size() == 0)
            dprintf("colinear, non-overlapping\n");
        else
            dprintf("colinear, overlapping\n");

        return r;
    }

    if (da.cross(db) == 0 && (ob - oa).cross(da) != 0)
    {
        dprintf("parallel non-intersecting\n");
        return r;
    }

    //Math trick db cross db == 0, which is a single scalar in 2D.
    //Crossing both sides with vector db gives:
    sa = (ob - oa).cross(db) / da.cross(db);

    //Crossing both sides with vector da gives
    sb = (oa - ob).cross(da) / db.cross(da);

    if (0 <= sa && sa <= 1 && 0 <= sb && sb <= 1)
    {
        dprintf("intersecting\n");
        r.push_back(oa + da * sa);
        return r;
    }

    dprintf("non-intersecting, non-parallel, non-colinear, non-overlapping\n");
    return r;
}

其他回答

我已经尝试实现上述Jason所描述的算法;不幸的是,虽然在调试数学工作,我发现许多情况下,它不起作用。

例如,考虑点A(10,10) B(20,20) C(10,1) D(1,10) h=。5然而,通过检查可以清楚地看到,这些部分彼此一点也不接近。

将其绘制成图可以清楚地看出,0 < h < 1条件仅表明如果存在截距点,则截距点将位于CD上,而不告诉我们该点是否位于AB上。 为了确保有一个交叉点,你必须对变量g进行对称计算,拦截的要求是: 0 < g < 1 AND 0 < h < 1

我从《多视图几何》这本书里读到了这些算法

以下文本使用

'作为转置符号

*作为点积

当用作算子时,X作为叉乘

1. 线的定义

点x_vec = (x, y)'在直线ax + by + c = 0上

标记L = (a, b, c)',点为(x, y, 1)'为齐次坐标

直线方程可以写成

(x, y, 1)(a, b, c)' = 0或x' * L = 0

2. 直线交点

我们有两条直线L1=(a1, b1, c1)', L2=(a2, b2, c2)'

假设x是一个点,一个向量,x = L1 x L2 (L1叉乘L2)。

注意,x始终是一个二维点,如果你对(L1xL2)是一个三元素向量,x是一个二维坐标感到困惑,请阅读齐次坐标。

根据三重积,我们知道

L1 * (L1 x L2) = 0, L2 * (L1 x L2) = 0,因为L1,L2共平面

我们用向量x代替L1*x,那么L1*x=0, L2*x=0,这意味着x在L1和L2上,x是交点。

注意,这里x是齐次坐标,如果x的最后一个元素是零,这意味着L1和L2是平行的。

曾经在这里被接受的答案是不正确的(它已经被不接受了,所以万岁!)它不能正确地消除所有非交点。简单地说,它可能有效,但也可能失败,特别是在0和1被认为对h有效的情况下。

考虑以下情况:

直线(4,1)-(5,1)和(0,0)-(0,2)

这两条垂线显然不重叠。

= (4,1) B =(5、1) C = (0, 0) D = (0, 2) E = (1) - (4,1) = (1,0) F = (0, 2) - (0, 0) = (0, 2) P = (0, 1) h =((4,1) -(0, 0))点(0,1)/((0,2)点(0,1))= 0

根据上面的答案,这两条线段在端点处相遇(值为0和1)。该端点为:

(0, 0) + (0, 2) * 0 = (0, 0)

So, apparently the two line segments meet at (0,0), which is on line CD, but not on line AB. So what is going wrong? The answer is that the values of 0 and 1 are not valid and only sometimes HAPPEN to correctly predict endpoint intersection. When the extension of one line (but not the other) would meet the line segment, the algorithm predicts an intersection of line segments, but this is not correct. I imagine that by testing starting with AB vs CD and then also testing with CD vs AB, this problem would be eliminated. Only if both fall between 0 and 1 inclusively can they be said to intersect.

如果你必须预测端点,我建议使用向量叉乘法。

-Dan

问题可以简化成这样一个问题:从A到B和从C到D的两条直线相交吗?然后你可以问它四次(在直线和矩形的四条边之间)。

这是做这个的矢量数学。假设A到B的直线就是问题中的直线C到D的直线是其中一条矩形直线。我的表示法是Ax是A的x坐标Cy是c的y坐标“*”表示点积,例如A*B = Ax*Bx + Ay*By。

E = B-A = ( Bx-Ax, By-Ay )
F = D-C = ( Dx-Cx, Dy-Cy ) 
P = ( -Ey, Ex )
h = ( (A-C) * P ) / ( F * P )

h是键。如果h在0和1之间,两条线相交,否则不相交。如果F*P为零,当然不能进行计算,但在这种情况下,直线是平行的,因此只有在明显的情况下才相交。

交点是C + F*h。

更多的乐趣:

如果h恰好等于0或1,两条直线的端点相交。你可以认为这是一个“交集”,也可以认为不是。

具体来说,h是直线长度乘以多少才能恰好与另一条直线相交。

因此,如果h<0,这意味着矩形线在给定直线的“后面”(“方向”是“从A到B”),如果h>1,矩形线在给定直线的“前面”。

推导:

A和C是指向直线起点的向量;E和F是由A和C端点组成的直线。

对于平面上任意两条不平行线,必须恰好有一对标量g和h,使得这个方程成立:

A + E*g = C + F*h

为什么?因为两条不平行线必须相交,这意味着你可以将这两条线按一定比例缩放并相互接触。

(起初,这看起来像一个有两个未知数的方程!但当你考虑到这是一个二维矢量方程时,它就不是,这意味着这是一对x和y的方程)

我们必须消去其中一个变量。一个简单的方法是使E项为零。要做到这一点,用一个向量对方程两边做点积这个向量与E点乘到0,我把上面的向量称为P,我做了E的明显变换。

你现在有:

A*P = C*P + F*P*h
(A-C)*P = (F*P)*h
( (A-C)*P ) / (F*P) = h

下面是一个基本的c#线段实现,并有相应的交点检测代码。它需要一个名为Vector2f的2D向量/点结构,不过你可以用任何其他具有X/Y属性的类型替换它。如果更适合你的需要,你也可以用double替换float。

这段代码用于我的. net物理库Boing。

public struct LineSegment2f
{
    public Vector2f From { get; }
    public Vector2f To { get; }

    public LineSegment2f(Vector2f @from, Vector2f to)
    {
        From = @from;
        To = to;
    }

    public Vector2f Delta => new Vector2f(To.X - From.X, To.Y - From.Y);

    /// <summary>
    /// Attempt to intersect two line segments.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// Even if the line segments do not intersect, <paramref name="t"/> and <paramref name="u"/> will be set.
    /// If the lines are parallel, <paramref name="t"/> and <paramref name="u"/> are set to <see cref="float.NaN"/>.
    /// </remarks>
    /// <param name="other">The line to attempt intersection of this line with.</param>
    /// <param name="intersectionPoint">The point of intersection if within the line segments, or empty..</param>
    /// <param name="t">The distance along this line at which intersection would occur, or NaN if lines are collinear/parallel.</param>
    /// <param name="u">The distance along the other line at which intersection would occur, or NaN if lines are collinear/parallel.</param>
    /// <returns><c>true</c> if the line segments intersect, otherwise <c>false</c>.</returns>
    public bool TryIntersect(LineSegment2f other, out Vector2f intersectionPoint, out float t, out float u)
    {
        var p = From;
        var q = other.From;
        var r = Delta;
        var s = other.Delta;

        // t = (q − p) × s / (r × s)
        // u = (q − p) × r / (r × s)

        var denom = Fake2DCross(r, s);

        if (denom == 0)
        {
            // lines are collinear or parallel
            t = float.NaN;
            u = float.NaN;
            intersectionPoint = default(Vector2f);
            return false;
        }

        var tNumer = Fake2DCross(q - p, s);
        var uNumer = Fake2DCross(q - p, r);

        t = tNumer / denom;
        u = uNumer / denom;

        if (t < 0 || t > 1 || u < 0 || u > 1)
        {
            // line segments do not intersect within their ranges
            intersectionPoint = default(Vector2f);
            return false;
        }

        intersectionPoint = p + r * t;
        return true;
    }

    private static float Fake2DCross(Vector2f a, Vector2f b)
    {
        return a.X * b.Y - a.Y * b.X;
    }
}